Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) is an enzyme belonging to the peptidase class and is distributed in several tissues of the body, particularly in the liver and kidneys. At the renal level, GGT is mainly located on the brush border of proximal tubular epithelial cells. Tubular injury can damage proximal tubular cells, resulting in increased release of the enzyme into the urinary filtrate. The identification of urinary biomarkers for the detection of renal diseases represents an important goal in veterinary medicine. The aim of the present study was to validate the urinary GGT-to-urinary creatinine ratio as an indicator of renal damage in dogs and to establish a reference interval to distinguish between healthy and diseased subjects. A total of 135 dogs were included, both clinically healthy (n = 49) and affected by various conditions (inflammatory, renal, and metabolic diseases) (n = 86). Urine samples were collected either by cystocentesis or free catch. For each sample, the following parameters were evaluated: urine specific gravity, pH, presence of spermatozoa, cylindruria, leukocyturia, and proteinuria. Classification of subjects as healthy or diseased was based on medical history, clinical examination, and hematobiochemical testing. Urinary GGT, urinary creatinine, and urinary protein concentrations were measured using the Biotecnica BT3500 analyzer. The urinary GGT-to-creatinine ratio proved to be precise and repeatable, with an intra-assay coefficient of variation (CV) of 2.64% and an inter-assay CV of 5.13%. The urinary GGT-to-creatinine ratio showed a wide range of values (0.07–2.88) and a non-normal distribution (P < 0.001). Due to the non-normality of the data and the number of healthy subjects, the most appropriate statistical method for determining the reference interval (RI) was the robust method, which allowed the identification of an upper RI limit of 1.15 (90% confidence interval: 0.75–1.53). Urinary GGT measured alone was significantly higher in hypersthenuric urine compared with hyposthenuric urine (P = 0.001), whereas this difference was not observed when urinary GGT was normalized to urinary creatinine (P = 0.136). Moreover, the urine collection method (cystocentesis versus free catch) did not significantly influence the analyzed parameter (P = 0.177). The urinary GGT-to-creatinine ratio was significantly higher in the presence of specific pathophysiological conditions, particularly in samples containing spermatozoa (P = 0.004), in subjects with proteinuria (P < 0.001), and in dogs affected by metabolic diseases, nephropathies, and inflammatory conditions (P = 0.001). Conversely, no differences in this marker were observed according to urinary pH (P = 0.85) or the presence of cylindruria (P = 0.128). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis demonstrated a moderate discriminative ability of the urinary GGT-to-creatinine ratio in distinguishing healthy from diseased animals. The cut-off providing the best compromise between sensitivity and specificity was 0.49, although it was associated with a sensitivity of 54.7% and a specificity of 73.5%. A limitation of the study is that the diseased group included animals affected by different conditions not always associated with renal damage. Future studies will focus on evaluating this marker in populations composed exclusively of nephropathic patients. These results indicate that the urinary GGT-to-creatinine ratio currently does not have sufficient diagnostic accuracy to be used as a screening test, but it may provide useful diagnostic support when combined with other clinical and laboratory parameters.
La gamma-glutamil transferasi (GGT) è un enzima appartenete alla classe delle peptidasi ed è distribuito in diversi tessuti dell’organismo, in particolare a livello epatico e renale.. A livello renale, la GGT è prevalentemente situata sull’orletto a spazzola delle cellule epiteliali del tubulo prossimale. Un danno tubulare può danneggiare le cellule tubulari prossimali, determinando un aumentato rilascio dell’enzima nel filtrato urinario.L’identificazione di biomarcatori urinari per identificare patologie renali rappresenta un importante obiettivo nella medicina veterinaria. Il presente studio ha lo scopo di validare il marker GGT urinaria/creatinina urinaria come indicatore di danno renale nel cane e di stabilire un intervallo di riferimento per distinguere se un soggetto è sano o patologico. Sono stati inclusi 135 cani, sia clinicamente sani (n=49) sia affetti da diverse patologie (infiammatorie, renali e metaboliche) (n=86). I campioni urinari sono stati raccolti tramite cistocentesi o minzione spontanea. Per ogni campione sono stati valutati: il peso specifico, il pH, la presenza di spermatozoi, la cilindruria, la leucocituria e la proteinuria. La classificazione del soggetto come sano o patologico è stata basata su anamnesi, visita clinica ed esami ematobiochimici. La misurazione delle GGT urinarie, della creatinina urinaria e delle proteine urinarie è stata effettuata tramite lo strumento Biotecnica BT3500. Il marker GGT/creatinina urinaria si è dimostrato preciso e ripetibile dato il coefficiente di variazione (CV) intrassay=2,64% e il CV interassay=5,13%. Il rapporto tra GGT/creatinina urinaria presenta un ampio range di valori (da 0,07 a 2,88) ed una distribuzione non normale (P<0,001). Data la non normalità dei dati e il numero dei pazienti sani, il metodo statistico più adeguato a determinare l’intervallo di riferimento (IR) è stato il metodo robusto, che ha permesso di determinare un limite superiore dell’IR pari a 1,15 (90% intervallo di confidenza=0,75-1,53. La GGT urinaria misurata da sola è risultata significativamente maggiore nelle urine iperstenuriche rispetto a quelle ipostenuriche (P =0,001), mentre questa differenza non è presente quando la GGT urinaria è rapportata alla creatinina urinaria (P=0,136). Inoltre, il metodo di raccolta dell’urina, (cistocentesi versus minzione spontanea) non influisce in modo significativo sul parametro analizzato (P=0,177). Il valore del rapporto GGT/creatinina urinaria è risultato significativamente maggiore in presenza di determinate condizioni fisiopatologiche, in particolare nei campioni con presenza di spermatozoi (P=0,004), nei soggetti con proteinuria (P<0,001) e nei cani affetti da patologie metaboliche, nefropatie e stati infiammatori (P=0,001). Al contrario, non sono emerse differenze nella concentrazione di questo marker al variare del pH urinario (P=0,85) né alla presenza di cilindruria (P=0,128). L’analisi della curva ROC ha evidenziato una moderata capacità discriminante del rapporto GGT/creatinina urinaria nel distinguere animali sani e animali affetti da malattia: il cut-off che fornisce il miglior compromesso tra sensibilità e specificità è risultato pari a 0,49, associato però a una sensibilità del 54,7% e a una specificità del 73,5%. Un limite dello studio è rappresentato dal fatto che il gruppo dei soggetti patologici includeva animali affetti da diverse patologie non sempre associate a danni renali. Studi futuri saranno indirizzati alla valutazione del marker in popolazioni costituite esclusivamente da pazienti nefropatici. Questi risultati indicano che il parametro GGT/creatinina urinaria al momento non possiede un’accuratezza diagnostica sufficiente per essere utilizzato come test di screening, ma può fornire un valido supporto diagnostico se associato ad altri parametri clinici e laboratoristici.
Validazione del marker GGT urinaria/creatinina urinaria come indicatore di danno renale nel cane
CAVALLINI, BIANCA
2025/2026
Abstract
Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) is an enzyme belonging to the peptidase class and is distributed in several tissues of the body, particularly in the liver and kidneys. At the renal level, GGT is mainly located on the brush border of proximal tubular epithelial cells. Tubular injury can damage proximal tubular cells, resulting in increased release of the enzyme into the urinary filtrate. The identification of urinary biomarkers for the detection of renal diseases represents an important goal in veterinary medicine. The aim of the present study was to validate the urinary GGT-to-urinary creatinine ratio as an indicator of renal damage in dogs and to establish a reference interval to distinguish between healthy and diseased subjects. A total of 135 dogs were included, both clinically healthy (n = 49) and affected by various conditions (inflammatory, renal, and metabolic diseases) (n = 86). Urine samples were collected either by cystocentesis or free catch. For each sample, the following parameters were evaluated: urine specific gravity, pH, presence of spermatozoa, cylindruria, leukocyturia, and proteinuria. Classification of subjects as healthy or diseased was based on medical history, clinical examination, and hematobiochemical testing. Urinary GGT, urinary creatinine, and urinary protein concentrations were measured using the Biotecnica BT3500 analyzer. The urinary GGT-to-creatinine ratio proved to be precise and repeatable, with an intra-assay coefficient of variation (CV) of 2.64% and an inter-assay CV of 5.13%. The urinary GGT-to-creatinine ratio showed a wide range of values (0.07–2.88) and a non-normal distribution (P < 0.001). Due to the non-normality of the data and the number of healthy subjects, the most appropriate statistical method for determining the reference interval (RI) was the robust method, which allowed the identification of an upper RI limit of 1.15 (90% confidence interval: 0.75–1.53). Urinary GGT measured alone was significantly higher in hypersthenuric urine compared with hyposthenuric urine (P = 0.001), whereas this difference was not observed when urinary GGT was normalized to urinary creatinine (P = 0.136). Moreover, the urine collection method (cystocentesis versus free catch) did not significantly influence the analyzed parameter (P = 0.177). The urinary GGT-to-creatinine ratio was significantly higher in the presence of specific pathophysiological conditions, particularly in samples containing spermatozoa (P = 0.004), in subjects with proteinuria (P < 0.001), and in dogs affected by metabolic diseases, nephropathies, and inflammatory conditions (P = 0.001). Conversely, no differences in this marker were observed according to urinary pH (P = 0.85) or the presence of cylindruria (P = 0.128). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis demonstrated a moderate discriminative ability of the urinary GGT-to-creatinine ratio in distinguishing healthy from diseased animals. The cut-off providing the best compromise between sensitivity and specificity was 0.49, although it was associated with a sensitivity of 54.7% and a specificity of 73.5%. A limitation of the study is that the diseased group included animals affected by different conditions not always associated with renal damage. Future studies will focus on evaluating this marker in populations composed exclusively of nephropathic patients. These results indicate that the urinary GGT-to-creatinine ratio currently does not have sufficient diagnostic accuracy to be used as a screening test, but it may provide useful diagnostic support when combined with other clinical and laboratory parameters.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/105869