Viral infections represent a significant challenge to global public health, particularly due to the limited availability of effective antiviral therapies against many emerging or re-emerging viruses. Among the most promising therapeutic targets are viral proteases, enzymes that play a fundamental role in the processing of viral polyproteins and are therefore essential for the replication of positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses. The aim of this thesis was the development and optimization of reporter systems based on Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET) technology for the detection of viral protease activity and their application in cell-based assays for the screening of potential antiviral drugs. In particular, reporters were designed and constructed to monitor the proteolytic activity of proteases from several human viruses, including Hepacivirus C, Rhinovirus C, Norovirus, as well as numerous Coronaviruses and Flaviviruses. The reporters were engineered by inserting specific protease cleavage sequences between a bioluminescent donor (NanoLuc) and a fluorescent acceptor (mNeonGreen), allowing enzymatic activity to induce a measurable change in the BRET signal. The developed reporters were expressed in eukaryotic cells and used to evaluate viral protease activity and the effects of inhibitory compounds. The obtained results demonstrate that the developed sensors allow sensitive and specific detection of the proteolytic activity of the investigated proteases and enable the observation of a dose-dependent response in the presence of inhibitors. Overall, this approach represents a promising tool for the study of viral proteases and for the screening of novel antiviral compounds, providing a versatile platform potentially applicable to high-throughput screening assays.
Le infezioni virali rappresentano una significativa sfida per la salute pubblica globale, in particolare a causa della limitata disponibilità di antivirali efficaci contro numerosi virus emergenti o riemergenti. Tra i bersagli terapeutici più promettenti figurano le proteasi virali, enzimi fondamentali per il processamento delle poliproteine virali e quindi per la replicazione dei virus a RNA a singolo filamento a polarità positiva. L’obiettivo di questa tesi è stato lo sviluppo e l’ottimizzazione di reporter basati sulla tecnologia BRET (Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer) per il rilevamento dell’attività di proteasi virali e per la loro applicazione in saggi cellulari destinati allo screening di potenziali farmaci antivirali. In particolare, sono stati progettati e costruiti reporter in grado di monitorare l’attività proteolitica di proteasi appartenenti a diversi virus umani, tra cui Hepacivirus C, Rhinovirus C, Norovirus, nonché numerosi Coronavirus e Flavivirus. I reporter sono stati realizzati inserendo specifiche sequenze di clivaggio proteasico tra un donatore bioluminescente (Nanoluc) e un accettore fluorescente (mNeonGreen), in modo da generare una variazione del segnale BRET in seguito all’attività enzimatica. I reporter sviluppati sono stati espressi in cellule eucariotiche e utilizzati per valutare l’attività delle proteasi virali e l’effetto di composti inibitori. I risultati ottenuti dimostrano che i sensori sviluppati consentono di rilevare in modo sensibile e specifico l’attività proteolitica delle proteasi studiate e permettono di evidenziare una risposta dose-dipendente in presenza di inibitori. Complessivamente, questo approccio rappresenta uno strumento promettente per lo studio delle proteasi virali e per lo screening di nuovi antivirali, offrendo una piattaforma versatile potenzialmente applicabile a saggi di screening ad alto rendimento.
Sviluppo di sensori BRET per lo screening in cellulo di farmaci antivirali e per il rilevamento di attività di proteasi virali
GARIBALDI, FILIPPO
2025/2026
Abstract
Viral infections represent a significant challenge to global public health, particularly due to the limited availability of effective antiviral therapies against many emerging or re-emerging viruses. Among the most promising therapeutic targets are viral proteases, enzymes that play a fundamental role in the processing of viral polyproteins and are therefore essential for the replication of positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses. The aim of this thesis was the development and optimization of reporter systems based on Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET) technology for the detection of viral protease activity and their application in cell-based assays for the screening of potential antiviral drugs. In particular, reporters were designed and constructed to monitor the proteolytic activity of proteases from several human viruses, including Hepacivirus C, Rhinovirus C, Norovirus, as well as numerous Coronaviruses and Flaviviruses. The reporters were engineered by inserting specific protease cleavage sequences between a bioluminescent donor (NanoLuc) and a fluorescent acceptor (mNeonGreen), allowing enzymatic activity to induce a measurable change in the BRET signal. The developed reporters were expressed in eukaryotic cells and used to evaluate viral protease activity and the effects of inhibitory compounds. The obtained results demonstrate that the developed sensors allow sensitive and specific detection of the proteolytic activity of the investigated proteases and enable the observation of a dose-dependent response in the presence of inhibitors. Overall, this approach represents a promising tool for the study of viral proteases and for the screening of novel antiviral compounds, providing a versatile platform potentially applicable to high-throughput screening assays.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/107312