This experimental thesis is situated within clinical research on residential treatment for substance use disorders and aims to investigate the effectiveness of therapeutic factors and treatment devices from the perspective of young adult patients. In a clinical and social context marked by significant changes in the population accessing addiction services, there is a growing need to update treatment models in order to better address patients’ subjective needs. Young adults with substance use disorders represent a clinically complex population, characterized by specific developmental vulnerabilities, difficulties in affect regulation, and ambivalent relationships with rules and authority. Within this framework, residential treatment in therapeutic communities constitutes an intensive intervention that not only supports substance abstinence but also provides a relational and institutional context in which psychological and relational change processes may occur. Despite extensive literature on the effectiveness and outcomes of residential treatment, research has largely focused on outcome indicators, while therapeutic processes and patients’ perspectives remain underexplored. This gap is particularly relevant when working with young adults, for whom the subjective experience of treatment plays a crucial role in engagement, treatment compliance, and the risk of premature dropout. The present study adopts a patient-centered approach and a mixed-method research design, integrating quantitative and qualitative instruments developed through a co-design framework. This approach aims to explore how patients perceive and evaluate therapeutic factors within residential treatment. The analysis critically addresses issues related to patient agency, deresponsibility, and active involvement in the therapeutic process, highlighting how these dimensions may function as protective factors and contribute to more effective, needs-oriented treatment interventions. The thesis begins by outlining the population of young adults with substance use disorders, through an examination of epidemiological data and the clinical characteristics that define its complexity, and subsequently explores residential treatment in therapeutic communities, focusing on treatment modalities and on the evidence of effectiveness and outcomes reported in the literature. This analysis highlights a persistent lack of studies addressing treatment processes from the patients’ perspective, particularly with regard to therapeutic factors perceived as useful and effective. In response to this gap, the thesis emphasize the importance of research approaches that value patients’ experiential knowledge through the implementation of co-design methodologies in the development of the research framework. The work then presents the empirical study, describing the sample, research objectives, assessment tools, dataset, and data analysis procedures, and finally reports and discusses the results, leading to the conclusions, which outline the clinical and research implications, with particular reference to the need to promote increasingly targeted interventions, oriented toward active patient involvement and the strengthening of agency within the treatment process.
La presente tesi sperimentale si colloca nell’ambito della ricerca clinica sul trattamento residenziale delle dipendenze e si propone di indagare l’efficacia dei fattori e dei dispositivi terapeutici dal punto di vista dei giovani adulti tossicodipendenti. In un contesto storico e sanitario caratterizzato da profonde trasformazioni della popolazione che accede ai servizi per le dipendenze, emerge la necessità di riaggiornare i modelli di cura, orientandoli in modo sempre più mirato ai bisogni soggettivi dei pazienti. I giovani adulti tossicodipendenti rappresentano una popolazione clinicamente complessa, connotata da specifiche vulnerabilità evolutive, difficoltà di regolazione affettiva e modalità relazionali spesso ambivalenti nei confronti delle regole e dell’autorità. In tale quadro, il trattamento residenziale in comunità terapeutica costituisce un intervento intensivo che, oltre a favorire l’interruzione del consumo, offre un contesto relazionale e istituzionale entro cui possono attivarsi processi di cambiamento sul piano psicologico e relazionale. Nonostante l’ampia letteratura sulle prove di efficacia e sugli outcome del trattamento residenziale, la ricerca ha storicamente privilegiato indicatori di esito, trascurando l’analisi dei processi di cura e, in particolare, la prospettiva dei pazienti. Tale carenza risulta particolarmente rilevante nel lavoro con i giovani adulti, per i quali l’esperienza soggettiva del trattamento incide in modo significativo sull’adesione, sulla compliance e sul rischio di drop-out. La ricerca proposta adotta un approccio patient-centered e una metodologia mixed-method, integrando strumenti quantitativi e qualitativi sviluppati secondo una logica di co-design, al fine di esplorare come i pazienti percepiscono e valutano i fattori terapeutici del trattamento residenziale. La ricerca consente di affrontare temi, quali la mancanza di agency del paziente, della deresponsabilizzazione e della necessità di un coinvolgimento attivo nel percorso di cura, evidenziando come tali dimensioni rappresentino elementi centrali per realizzare interventi più efficaci e maggiormente rispondenti ai bisogni dei pazienti. La tesi prende avvio dall’inquadramento della popolazione dei giovani adulti tossicodipendenti, attraverso la descrizione delle principali evidenze epidemiologiche e delle caratteristiche cliniche che ne definiscono la complessità, per poi approfondire il trattamento residenziale in comunità terapeutica, analizzandone le modalità operative e le prove di efficacia e di outcome riportate in letteratura. Tale analisi consente di evidenziare una persistente carenza di studi orientati all’esplorazione del punto di vista dei pazienti stessi, in particolare rispetto ai processi di cura e ai fattori terapeutici percepiti come utili ed efficaci. A partire da questa lacuna la tesi sottolinea la rilevanza di adottare approcci di ricerca capaci di valorizzare il sapere esperienziale dei pazienti, attraverso l’implementazione di metodologie di co-design nello sviluppo dell’impianto di ricerca. Il lavoro prosegue con la presentazione della ricerca empirica, descrivendo il campione, gli obiettivi, gli strumenti utilizzati, il dataset e le procedure di analisi dei dati, per giungere infine all’esposizione e alla discussione dei risultati, e alle conclusioni, nelle quali vengono delineate le implicazioni cliniche e di ricerca emerse, con particolare riferimento alla necessità di promuovere interventi sempre più mirati, orientati al coinvolgimento attivo dei pazienti e al rafforzamento dell’agency nel percorso di cura.
"Trattamento residenziale e fattori terapeutici nelle dipendenze: uno studio mixed-method sui giovani adulti tossicodipendenti dalla prospettiva dei pazienti".
SIMONETTI, LISA
2025/2026
Abstract
This experimental thesis is situated within clinical research on residential treatment for substance use disorders and aims to investigate the effectiveness of therapeutic factors and treatment devices from the perspective of young adult patients. In a clinical and social context marked by significant changes in the population accessing addiction services, there is a growing need to update treatment models in order to better address patients’ subjective needs. Young adults with substance use disorders represent a clinically complex population, characterized by specific developmental vulnerabilities, difficulties in affect regulation, and ambivalent relationships with rules and authority. Within this framework, residential treatment in therapeutic communities constitutes an intensive intervention that not only supports substance abstinence but also provides a relational and institutional context in which psychological and relational change processes may occur. Despite extensive literature on the effectiveness and outcomes of residential treatment, research has largely focused on outcome indicators, while therapeutic processes and patients’ perspectives remain underexplored. This gap is particularly relevant when working with young adults, for whom the subjective experience of treatment plays a crucial role in engagement, treatment compliance, and the risk of premature dropout. The present study adopts a patient-centered approach and a mixed-method research design, integrating quantitative and qualitative instruments developed through a co-design framework. This approach aims to explore how patients perceive and evaluate therapeutic factors within residential treatment. The analysis critically addresses issues related to patient agency, deresponsibility, and active involvement in the therapeutic process, highlighting how these dimensions may function as protective factors and contribute to more effective, needs-oriented treatment interventions. The thesis begins by outlining the population of young adults with substance use disorders, through an examination of epidemiological data and the clinical characteristics that define its complexity, and subsequently explores residential treatment in therapeutic communities, focusing on treatment modalities and on the evidence of effectiveness and outcomes reported in the literature. This analysis highlights a persistent lack of studies addressing treatment processes from the patients’ perspective, particularly with regard to therapeutic factors perceived as useful and effective. In response to this gap, the thesis emphasize the importance of research approaches that value patients’ experiential knowledge through the implementation of co-design methodologies in the development of the research framework. The work then presents the empirical study, describing the sample, research objectives, assessment tools, dataset, and data analysis procedures, and finally reports and discusses the results, leading to the conclusions, which outline the clinical and research implications, with particular reference to the need to promote increasingly targeted interventions, oriented toward active patient involvement and the strengthening of agency within the treatment process.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/108333