This thesis examines the condition of childhood in 19th-century Europe through an interdisciplinary approach that integrates artistic, pedagogical, and socio-historical sources. The main objective is to investigate how social class profoundly shaped the experience of childhood, highlighting the differences between bourgeois and working-class childhoods, both urban and rural, from a critical and socially aware perspective. The methodology is based on three main lines of analysis: the study of artworks from the period, the examination of pedagogical theories by authors such as Rousseau, Pestalozzi, Fröbel, and Aporti, and the analysis of the spaces in which children lived, as represented in literary and visual sources. This approach makes it possible to grasp not only the material conditions of childhood, but also the cultural and ideological representations that contributed to defining it. The findings reveal a clear dichotomy: while bourgeois childhood was increasingly recognized as a protected and formative stage of life, working-class childhood remained marked by early labor, marginalization, and limited educational opportunities. The analyzed sources also show how art and pedagogy did not merely reflect these differences, but actively contributed to constructing distinct models of childhood. In conclusion, the study highlights the historically constructed nature of childhood and emphasizes how past inequalities can still be observed today in contexts where children’s rights are not fully guaranteed, thus encouraging a critical reflection on the present.
L’elaborato analizza la condizione dell’infanzia nell’Europa del XIX secolo attraverso un approccio interdisciplinare che integra fonti artistiche, pedagogiche e storico-sociali. L’obiettivo principale è indagare come la classe sociale influenzi profondamente l’esperienza infantile, mettendo in luce le differenze tra infanzia borghese e infanzia popolare, sia urbana che rurale, in una prospettiva di analisi critica e di denuncia sociale. La metodologia adottata si basa su tre direttrici principali: l’analisi di opere artistiche dell’epoca, lo studio delle teorie pedagogiche di autori quali Rousseau, Pestalozzi, Fröbel e Aporti, e l’esame degli spazi di vita del bambino, così come emergono da fonti letterarie e iconografiche. Questo approccio consente di cogliere non solo le condizioni materiali dell’infanzia, ma anche le rappresentazioni culturali e ideologiche che contribuiscono a definirla. I risultati evidenziano una netta dicotomia: mentre l’infanzia borghese viene progressivamente riconosciuta come fase protetta e formativa, quella delle classi popolari resta segnata dal lavoro precoce, dalla marginalità e da limitate opportunità educative. Le fonti analizzate mostrano inoltre come arte e pedagogia non si limitino a riflettere tali differenze, ma partecipino attivamente alla costruzione di modelli distinti di infanzia. In conclusione, lo studio mette in luce la natura storicamente costruita dell’infanzia e sottolinea come le disuguaglianze del passato trovino ancora oggi riscontro in contesti in cui i diritti dei bambini non sono pienamente garantiti, aprendo a una riflessione critica sul presente.
L’INFANZIA NELL’OTTOCENTO EUROPEO. Uno sguardo tra arte, spazi e pedagogia
MALVESTIO, ANGELICA
2025/2026
Abstract
This thesis examines the condition of childhood in 19th-century Europe through an interdisciplinary approach that integrates artistic, pedagogical, and socio-historical sources. The main objective is to investigate how social class profoundly shaped the experience of childhood, highlighting the differences between bourgeois and working-class childhoods, both urban and rural, from a critical and socially aware perspective. The methodology is based on three main lines of analysis: the study of artworks from the period, the examination of pedagogical theories by authors such as Rousseau, Pestalozzi, Fröbel, and Aporti, and the analysis of the spaces in which children lived, as represented in literary and visual sources. This approach makes it possible to grasp not only the material conditions of childhood, but also the cultural and ideological representations that contributed to defining it. The findings reveal a clear dichotomy: while bourgeois childhood was increasingly recognized as a protected and formative stage of life, working-class childhood remained marked by early labor, marginalization, and limited educational opportunities. The analyzed sources also show how art and pedagogy did not merely reflect these differences, but actively contributed to constructing distinct models of childhood. In conclusion, the study highlights the historically constructed nature of childhood and emphasizes how past inequalities can still be observed today in contexts where children’s rights are not fully guaranteed, thus encouraging a critical reflection on the present.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/109043