Teacher burnout represents one of the most significant occupational health issues in Italian schools, with substantial repercussions on pupils’ well-being and the entire educational system. This thesis investigates the phenomenon of burnout in inclusion-oriented schools, arguing that a mature form of inclusion is not merely an ethical-pedagogical principle, but a genuine reparative compass capable of prevent chronic stress and work disengagement among teachers. After outlining the construct of burnout, its main theoretical models (psychodynamic, cognitive, Maslach’s ecological model, and the Job Demands-Resources model), and the specific risk factors in the school context, the thesis reconstructs the historical evolution of inclusion in Italy, from the integration model to the current inclusion paradigm. Particular attention is devoted to the theoretical link between the dimensions of the Index for Inclusion and Maslach and Leiter’s six areas of mismatch, as well as to the Capability Approach developed by Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum, which serves as a framework for a just and truly inclusive school. The empirical core of the work consists of a narrative review with systematic elements of 36 national and international scientific studies on teacher burnout. The studies were clustered thematically (personal factors, environmental and relational factors in an inclusive perspective, specialized support teachers, and prevention strategies) in order to identify recurring patterns and protective factors. The findings show that consistent and deep implementation of inclusive principles is associated with significantly lower levels of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced professional accomplishment. On the basis of this evidence, the thesis puts forward a proposal for a “mature” inclusive school that integrates stable co-teaching, resource redistribution according to class complexity, reflective supervision, and continuous professional development, with the aim of promoting work engagement and safeguarding teachers’ well-being.
Il burnout degli insegnanti rappresenta oggi uno dei principali problemi di salute lavorativa nella scuola italiana, con ripercussioni significative sul benessere degli alunni e sull’intero sistema scolastico. Il presente lavoro di tesi indaga il fenomeno del burnout nella scuola orientata all’inclusione, sostenendo che una forma matura di inclusione non costituisca soltanto un principio etico-pedagogico, ma una vera e propria bussola riparativa capace di contrastare lo stress cronico e il disimpegno lavorativo degli insegnanti. Dopo aver delineato il costrutto di burnout, i principali modelli interpretativi (psicodinamici, cognitivi, ecologico di Maslach e JD-R) e i fattori di rischio specifici del contesto scolastico, la tesi ricostruisce l’evoluzione storica dell’inclusione in Italia, dal modello dell’integrazione a quello dell’inclusione. Particolare attenzione è riservata al legame teorico tra le dimensioni dell’Index for Inclusion e le sei aree di discrepanza individuate da Maslach e Leiter, nonché al contributo del Capability Approach di Amartya Sen e Martha Nussbaum come quadro di riferimento per una scuola giusta e realmente inclusiva. Il cuore empirico del lavoro consiste in una revisione narrativa con elementi sistematici di 36 studi scientifici internazionali e nazionali sul burnout degli insegnanti. Gli studi sono stati raggruppati in cluster tematici (fattori personali, fattori ambientali e relazionali in ottica inclusiva, insegnanti specializzati per il sostegno, strategie di prevenzione) al fine di identificare pattern ricorrenti e fattori protettivi. I risultati evidenziano come un’implementazione coerente e profonda dei principi inclusivi sia associata a livelli significativamente inferiori di esaurimento emotivo, depersonalizzazione e ridotta realizzazione professionale. Sulla base di tali evidenze, la tesi avanza una proposta di scuola inclusiva “matura” che integra co-teaching stabile, ridistribuzione delle risorse in base alla complessità delle classi, supervisione riflessiva e formazione continua, con l’obiettivo di promuovere il work engagement e preservare il benessere degli insegnanti.
IL BURNOUT DEI DOCENTI NELLA SCUOLA ORIENTATA ALL'INCLUSIONE
SPADARI, LARA
2025/2026
Abstract
Teacher burnout represents one of the most significant occupational health issues in Italian schools, with substantial repercussions on pupils’ well-being and the entire educational system. This thesis investigates the phenomenon of burnout in inclusion-oriented schools, arguing that a mature form of inclusion is not merely an ethical-pedagogical principle, but a genuine reparative compass capable of prevent chronic stress and work disengagement among teachers. After outlining the construct of burnout, its main theoretical models (psychodynamic, cognitive, Maslach’s ecological model, and the Job Demands-Resources model), and the specific risk factors in the school context, the thesis reconstructs the historical evolution of inclusion in Italy, from the integration model to the current inclusion paradigm. Particular attention is devoted to the theoretical link between the dimensions of the Index for Inclusion and Maslach and Leiter’s six areas of mismatch, as well as to the Capability Approach developed by Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum, which serves as a framework for a just and truly inclusive school. The empirical core of the work consists of a narrative review with systematic elements of 36 national and international scientific studies on teacher burnout. The studies were clustered thematically (personal factors, environmental and relational factors in an inclusive perspective, specialized support teachers, and prevention strategies) in order to identify recurring patterns and protective factors. The findings show that consistent and deep implementation of inclusive principles is associated with significantly lower levels of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced professional accomplishment. On the basis of this evidence, the thesis puts forward a proposal for a “mature” inclusive school that integrates stable co-teaching, resource redistribution according to class complexity, reflective supervision, and continuous professional development, with the aim of promoting work engagement and safeguarding teachers’ well-being.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/109058