ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the robot-assisted Retzius-sparing radical prostatectomy (RS-RARP) learning curve using the cumulative sum (CUSUM) method. Materials and Methods From October 2020 to August 2025, 950 patients underwent RS-RARP using the da Vinci surgical system. Intraoperative and postoperative complications were stratified using the Satava classification and the Clavien-Dindo grading system, respectively. Continuous variables were reported as medians with interquartile ranges (IQR). The surgical learning curve of the four main surgeons was evaluated via CUSUM analysis based on operative time and sexual potency recovery among a highly selected cohort of patients with uncompromised baseline erectile function (estimated using the IIEF-5 score). The functional potency cut-off was defined as a postoperative IIEF-5 ≥ 17. To accurately identify the inflection point representing the transition from the learning phase to proficiency, polynomial regression models of varying degrees were applied to the CUSUM curve for operative time. Results The median patient age was 67 years (IQR: 61.7-72), median BMI was 26 kg/m² (IQR: 24.2-28.1), and median Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) was 3 (IQR: 2-3). A total of 259 patients (27.3%) had a history of previous abdominal surgery. The median initial PSA was 6.7 ng/mL (IQR: 5.1-9.3). The clinical T stage on MRI was cT2 in 844 cases (91.9%). The most frequent ISUP grade group at biopsy was 2 (359 cases, 38.3%). The median preoperative IIEF-5 score was 15 (IQR: 9-18). Surgically, the median operative time was 135 min (IQR: 105-180), and the estimated blood loss was 200 mL (IQR: 100-400). A bilateral nerve-sparing approach was utilized in 247 patients (26%). Satava 1-2 intraoperative complications occurred in 17 cases (1.8%). Postoperative complications occurred in 137 patients (14.6%) within 90 days, with major complications (Clavien-Dindo > 2) seen in only 19 cases (2%). The median length of hospital stay was 2 days (IQR: 1-2). Pathological staging revealed T2 tumors in 611 cases (64.9%), while negative surgical margins were achieved overall in 603 patients (64%). CUSUM analysis revealed that surgical proficiency for operative time was reached at case 127 for surgeon 1 and at case 71 for surgeon 2. Regarding functional recovery, the actual success rate (IIEF-5 ≥ 17) for the highest-volume operator (surgeon 1, n=127 patients with uncompromised baseline function) was 25.2%, with the remaining surgeons ranging from 7.7% to 20.8%. Consequently, the Quality Control CUSUM analysis revealed a continuous upward trend for all operators, indicating that the predefined proficiency target of 60% recovery had not yet been maintained. Conclusion The learning curve for RS-RARP is multidimensional and sequential. While technical proficiency in operative time can be safely achieved relatively early (70-130 cases) with a low overall complication rate, functional proficiency in sexual potency recovery represents the most challenging and prolonged aspect of the learning curve, extending well beyond the cases required for basic surgical speed. These findings highlight the necessity of structured, step-by-step mentorship programs.
Obiettivo. Valutare la curva di apprendimento della prostatectomia radicale robotica con tecnica Retzius-sparing (RS-RARP) utilizzando il metodo della somma cumulativa (CUSUM). Metodi. Tra ottobre 2020 e agosto 2025, 950 pazienti sono stati sottoposti a RS-RARP utilizzando il sistema chirurgico da Vinci. Le complicanze intraoperatorie e postoperatorie sono state stratificate rispettivamente secondo la classificazione di Satava e il sistema di gradazione Clavien-Dindo. Le variabili continue sono state riportate come mediane con intervalli interquartili (IQR). La curva di apprendimento chirurgico dei quattro chirurghi principali è stata valutata tramite analisi CUSUM basata su tempo operatorio e recupero della potenza sessuale, in una coorte altamente selezionata di pazienti con funzione erettile basale non compromessa (valutata tramite punteggio IIEF-5). Il valore soglia per la potenza funzionale è stato definito come un IIEF-5 postoperatorio ≥ 17. Per identificare con precisione il punto di flesso che rappresenta il passaggio dalla fase di apprendimento alla competenza professionale, sono stati applicati modelli di regressione polinomiale di vario grado alla curva CUSUM per il tempo operatorio. Risultati L'età mediana dei pazienti era di 67 anni (IQR: 61,7-72), il BMI mediano di 26 kg/m² (IQR: 24,2-28,1) e l'indice di comorbidità di Charlson (CCI) mediano di 3 (IQR: 2-3). Un totale di 259 pazienti (27,3%) presentava un'anamnesi di precedente chirurgia addominale. Il PSA iniziale mediano era di 6,7 ng/mL (IQR: 5,1-9,3). Lo stadio clinico T alla risonanza magnetica era cT2 in 844 casi (91,9%). Il grado ISUP più frequente alla biopsia era il gruppo 2 (359 casi, 38,3%). Il punteggio IIEF-5 preoperatorio mediano era 15 (IQR: 9-18). In ambito chirurgico, il tempo operatorio mediano è stato di 135 min (IQR: 105-180) e la perdita ematica stimata di 200 mL (IQR: 100-400). Un approccio "nerve-sparing" bilaterale è stato utilizzato in 247 pazienti (26%). Si sono verificate complicanze intraoperatorie Satava 1-2 in 17 casi (1,8%). Complicazioni postoperatorie si sono manifestate in 137 pazienti (14,6%) entro 90 giorni, con complicanze maggiori (Clavien-Dindo > 2) osservate solo in 19 casi (2%). La durata mediana della degenza ospedaliera è stata di 2 giorni (IQR: 1-2). La stadiazione patologica ha rivelato tumori T2 in 611 casi (64,9%), mentre margini chirurgici negativi sono stati ottenuti complessivamente in 603 pazienti (64%). L'analisi CUSUM ha rivelato che la competenza chirurgica per quanto riguarda il tempo operatorio è stata raggiunta all’intervento 127 per il chirurgo 1 e all’intervento 71 per il chirurgo 2. Per quanto riguarda il recupero funzionale, il tasso di successo effettivo (IIEF-5 ≥ 17) per l'operatore con il volume maggiore (chirurgo 1, n=127 pazienti con funzione basale non compromessa) è stato del 25,2%, mentre per gli altri chirurghi variava dal 7,7% al 20,8%. Di conseguenza, l'analisi CUSUM di controllo qualità ha mostrato una tendenza continua verso l'alto per tutti gli operatori, indicando che l'obiettivo di competenza predefinito del 60% di recupero non era ancora stato mantenuto. Conclusione La curva di apprendimento per la RS-RARP è multidimensionale e sequenziale. Mentre la competenza tecnica relativa al tempo operatorio può essere raggiunta in sicurezza relativamente presto (70-130 casi) con un basso tasso di complicanze globali, la competenza funzionale nel recupero della potenza sessuale rappresenta l'aspetto più impegnativo e prolungato della curva di apprendimento, estendendosi ben oltre il numero di casi necessari per ottenere la rapidità chirurgica di base. Questi risultati evidenziano la necessità di programmi di tutoraggio (mentorship) strutturati e graduali.
Valutazione della curva di apprendimento nella prostatectomia radicale robotica Retzius-sparing: analisi CUSUM di una casistica monocentrica
MARANGI, GIANLUCA
2025/2026
Abstract
ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the robot-assisted Retzius-sparing radical prostatectomy (RS-RARP) learning curve using the cumulative sum (CUSUM) method. Materials and Methods From October 2020 to August 2025, 950 patients underwent RS-RARP using the da Vinci surgical system. Intraoperative and postoperative complications were stratified using the Satava classification and the Clavien-Dindo grading system, respectively. Continuous variables were reported as medians with interquartile ranges (IQR). The surgical learning curve of the four main surgeons was evaluated via CUSUM analysis based on operative time and sexual potency recovery among a highly selected cohort of patients with uncompromised baseline erectile function (estimated using the IIEF-5 score). The functional potency cut-off was defined as a postoperative IIEF-5 ≥ 17. To accurately identify the inflection point representing the transition from the learning phase to proficiency, polynomial regression models of varying degrees were applied to the CUSUM curve for operative time. Results The median patient age was 67 years (IQR: 61.7-72), median BMI was 26 kg/m² (IQR: 24.2-28.1), and median Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) was 3 (IQR: 2-3). A total of 259 patients (27.3%) had a history of previous abdominal surgery. The median initial PSA was 6.7 ng/mL (IQR: 5.1-9.3). The clinical T stage on MRI was cT2 in 844 cases (91.9%). The most frequent ISUP grade group at biopsy was 2 (359 cases, 38.3%). The median preoperative IIEF-5 score was 15 (IQR: 9-18). Surgically, the median operative time was 135 min (IQR: 105-180), and the estimated blood loss was 200 mL (IQR: 100-400). A bilateral nerve-sparing approach was utilized in 247 patients (26%). Satava 1-2 intraoperative complications occurred in 17 cases (1.8%). Postoperative complications occurred in 137 patients (14.6%) within 90 days, with major complications (Clavien-Dindo > 2) seen in only 19 cases (2%). The median length of hospital stay was 2 days (IQR: 1-2). Pathological staging revealed T2 tumors in 611 cases (64.9%), while negative surgical margins were achieved overall in 603 patients (64%). CUSUM analysis revealed that surgical proficiency for operative time was reached at case 127 for surgeon 1 and at case 71 for surgeon 2. Regarding functional recovery, the actual success rate (IIEF-5 ≥ 17) for the highest-volume operator (surgeon 1, n=127 patients with uncompromised baseline function) was 25.2%, with the remaining surgeons ranging from 7.7% to 20.8%. Consequently, the Quality Control CUSUM analysis revealed a continuous upward trend for all operators, indicating that the predefined proficiency target of 60% recovery had not yet been maintained. Conclusion The learning curve for RS-RARP is multidimensional and sequential. While technical proficiency in operative time can be safely achieved relatively early (70-130 cases) with a low overall complication rate, functional proficiency in sexual potency recovery represents the most challenging and prolonged aspect of the learning curve, extending well beyond the cases required for basic surgical speed. These findings highlight the necessity of structured, step-by-step mentorship programs.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
TESI GIANLUCA MARANGI RS-RARP_GR_GN (PDFA).pdf
accesso aperto
Dimensione
1.18 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
1.18 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
The text of this website © Università degli studi di Padova. Full Text are published under a non-exclusive license. Metadata are under a CC0 License
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/109116