Background: Lymphedema is a chronic condition that, in its early stages, presents with transient pitting edema, whereas in more advanced phases it leads to permanent tissue changes, including skin hardening, fibrosis, and, in the most severe cases, verrucous elephantiasis. It is classified as primary or secondary, the latter being the most prevalent worldwide. Although several clinical staging systems exist, most notably that of the International Society of Lymphology (ISL), there is still no standardization of lymphoscintigraphic imaging protocols allowing for a more accurate and comparable assessment across different centres. Purpose: The aim of this study is the development of a new semiquantitative lymphoscintigraphic protocol for the assessment of lower limb lymphedema. The parameters analysed, namely the percentage of lymph node tracer uptake (Bacino%) and the percentage wash-out from the injection site (W-OUT%), were compared with the Kleinhans Transport Index, as modified by our centre, in order to assess their correlation and diagnostic precision. Materials and Methods: An observational, single-centre study was conducted on 25 patients with suspected lower limb lymphedema who underwent lymphoscintigraphy at the Nuclear Medicine Unit of the University Hospital of Padova. Following administration of ⁹⁹ᵐTc-Nanocolloids, static acquisitions were performed using a gamma camera at predefined time points (0, 5, 10, 120 min). Between the 10 min and 120 min acquisitions, patients were asked to walk. Data were processed using Excel software and Python. Correlation analyses were performed between the semiquantitative parameters, Bacino% and W-OUT%, vs the TI, along with an assessment of measurement precision through the calculation of coefficients of variation (CV). Results: Analysis revealed a normal distribution for both Bacino% and W-OUT% bilaterally, whereas the Transport Index showed a non-normal distribution. A statistically significant negative correlation was found between Bacino% and TI bilaterally (ρ = −0.758; p < 0.001 on the right; ρ = −0.727; p < 0.001 on the left). For the W-OUT% parameter, a weakly positive correlation with the TI was found, which was not statistically significant on the right side and borderline significant on the left side (ρ = 0.238; p = 0.253 on the right, ρ = 0.405; p = 0.045 on the left). In the precision analysis, the TI showed a markedly higher coefficient of variation compared to the other two parameters, 75.5% on the right and 85.5% on the left, against values of 57.29% and 61.8% for the Bacino% and 27.1% and 39.9% for the W-OUT%, on the right and left side respectively. Conclusions: The semiquantitative parameters analysed, especially Bacino%, demonstrate greater diagnostic precision and reproducibility compared to the Kleinhans Transport Index, which remains an accurate tool but is subject to operator dependency. The implementation of semiquantitative parameters in the lymphoscintigraphic protocol could contribute to earlier diagnosis while reducing inter-observer variability. These results, although promising, require confirmation in larger, multicentre studies, given the limited sample size of the present study.
Introduzione: Il linfedema è una patologia cronica che negli stadi iniziali si manifesta con edema transiente e improntabile, mentre nelle fasi più avanzate con modifiche permanenti dei tessuti, quali indurimento cutaneo, fibrosi, fino ai casi più severi con l’elefantiasi verrucosa. Viene classificato in primario o secondario, quest’ultimo il più diffuso globalmente. Sebbene esistano numerose stadiazioni cliniche di questa patologia, tra cui quella maggiormente consolidata dell’International Society of Lymphology (ILS), manca ancora oggi una standardizzazione dei protocolli di imaging linfoscintigrafico per una valutazione più precisa e confrontabile tra i vari centri. Scopo dello studio: L’obiettivo del presente lavoro è la creazione di un nuovo protocollo linfoscintigrafico semiquantitativo per la valutazione del linfedema degli arti inferiori integrando come parametri semiquantitativi la percentuale di uptake linfonodale del tracciante (Bacino%) e il suo wash out percentuale dal sito di iniezione (W-OUT%), per confrontarli poi con il Transport Index di Kleinhans nella versione modificata dal nostro centro, al fine di valutarne la correlazione e la precisione diagnostica. Materiali e Metodi: È stato condotto uno studio monocentrico osservazionale su 25 pazienti con sospetto linfedema degli arti inferiori che sono stati sottoposti a linfoscintigrafia presso la UOC di Medicina Nucleare dell’Azienda Ospedale Università di Padova. Dopo somministrazione di 99mTc-Nanocollidi sono state eseguite acquisizioni statiche mediante gamma camera a tempi prestabiliti (0, 5, 10, 120 min). Tra le acquisizioni a 10 min e 120 min, i pazienti sono stati invitati a deambulare. I dati sono stati elaborati dai software Excel e Python. È stata condotta un’analisi relativa alla correlazione tra i parametri semiquantitativi analizzati, Bacino% e W-OUT%, con il TI, nonché la precisione delle misure mediante il calcolo dei coefficienti di variazione (CV). Risultati: Dall’analisi è emersa una distribuzione normale per i parametri Bacino% e W-OUT% bilateralmente, mentre il Transport Index presentava una distribuzione non normale. È stata riscontrata una correlazione negativa statisticamente significativa tra il parametro Bacino% e TI bilateralmente (ρ = −0,758; p < 0,001 a destra; ρ = −0,727; p < 0,001a sinistra). Per il parametro W-OUT% è emersa una correlazione debolmente positiva con il TI, ma non statisticamente significativa a destra, al limite di significatività a sinistra (ρ = 0,238; p = 0,253 a destra, ρ = 0,405; p = 0,045 sinistra). Nell’analisi della precisione, il TI ha evidenziato un coefficiente di variazione nettamente superiore rispetto agli altri due parametri, 75,5 % a destra e 85,5% a sinistra, a fronte di valori del 57,29% e 61,8% per il Bacino% e del 27,1% e 39,9% per il W-OUT% rispettivamente a destra e sinistra. Conclusioni: I parametri semiquantitativi analizzati, specialmente il Bacino%, presentano una maggiore precisione e riproducibilità diagnostica rispetto al Transport Index di Kleinhans, che rimane uno strumento accurato ma soggetto a operatore-dipendenza. L’implementazione dei parametri semiquantitativi nel protocollo linfoscintigrafico potrebbe contribuire a diagnosi più tempestive riducendo la variabilità inter-osservatore. I risultati, seppur promettenti, necessitano di conferma su casistiche più ampie e multicentriche, data la dimensione esigua del campione utilizzato nel presente studio.
Proposta di standardizzazione monocentrica di un protocollo linfoscintigrafico semiquantitativo nella valutazione del linfedema degli arti inferiori e confronto con il Transport Index di Kleinhans
BRUNELLO, CAMILLA
2025/2026
Abstract
Background: Lymphedema is a chronic condition that, in its early stages, presents with transient pitting edema, whereas in more advanced phases it leads to permanent tissue changes, including skin hardening, fibrosis, and, in the most severe cases, verrucous elephantiasis. It is classified as primary or secondary, the latter being the most prevalent worldwide. Although several clinical staging systems exist, most notably that of the International Society of Lymphology (ISL), there is still no standardization of lymphoscintigraphic imaging protocols allowing for a more accurate and comparable assessment across different centres. Purpose: The aim of this study is the development of a new semiquantitative lymphoscintigraphic protocol for the assessment of lower limb lymphedema. The parameters analysed, namely the percentage of lymph node tracer uptake (Bacino%) and the percentage wash-out from the injection site (W-OUT%), were compared with the Kleinhans Transport Index, as modified by our centre, in order to assess their correlation and diagnostic precision. Materials and Methods: An observational, single-centre study was conducted on 25 patients with suspected lower limb lymphedema who underwent lymphoscintigraphy at the Nuclear Medicine Unit of the University Hospital of Padova. Following administration of ⁹⁹ᵐTc-Nanocolloids, static acquisitions were performed using a gamma camera at predefined time points (0, 5, 10, 120 min). Between the 10 min and 120 min acquisitions, patients were asked to walk. Data were processed using Excel software and Python. Correlation analyses were performed between the semiquantitative parameters, Bacino% and W-OUT%, vs the TI, along with an assessment of measurement precision through the calculation of coefficients of variation (CV). Results: Analysis revealed a normal distribution for both Bacino% and W-OUT% bilaterally, whereas the Transport Index showed a non-normal distribution. A statistically significant negative correlation was found between Bacino% and TI bilaterally (ρ = −0.758; p < 0.001 on the right; ρ = −0.727; p < 0.001 on the left). For the W-OUT% parameter, a weakly positive correlation with the TI was found, which was not statistically significant on the right side and borderline significant on the left side (ρ = 0.238; p = 0.253 on the right, ρ = 0.405; p = 0.045 on the left). In the precision analysis, the TI showed a markedly higher coefficient of variation compared to the other two parameters, 75.5% on the right and 85.5% on the left, against values of 57.29% and 61.8% for the Bacino% and 27.1% and 39.9% for the W-OUT%, on the right and left side respectively. Conclusions: The semiquantitative parameters analysed, especially Bacino%, demonstrate greater diagnostic precision and reproducibility compared to the Kleinhans Transport Index, which remains an accurate tool but is subject to operator dependency. The implementation of semiquantitative parameters in the lymphoscintigraphic protocol could contribute to earlier diagnosis while reducing inter-observer variability. These results, although promising, require confirmation in larger, multicentre studies, given the limited sample size of the present study.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/109136