Study background: the treatment of advanced-stage cHL has evolved from the ABVD regimen to the integration of targeted therapies, such as the antibody-drug conjugate Brentuximab Vedotin (A-AVD regimen), and the use of PET-driven strategies to maximize efficacy, prevent drug refractoriness, and eliminate dose-limiting toxicities, primarily bleomycin-induced lung damage. Aim of the study: the primary objective is to evaluate the real-world clinical impact of the introduction of the A-AVD regimen compared to ABVD in stage IV cHL patients treated at the Hematology Unit of Padova, measuring PFS and OS. Secondary objectives include the validation of the PET-driven strategy, a comparative toxicity analysis, the efficacy of second-line therapies bridging to autologous stem cell transplantation, and outcomes in the geriatric population (≥65 years). Materials and methods: a monocentric retrospective observational study was conducted, including 79 adult patients with stage IV cHL treated frontline with either A-AVD (n=43) or ABVD (n=36) between 2015 and July 2025. Statistical analyses, aimed at identifying survival predictors and assessing clinical efficacy (OS and PFS) alongside the tolerability profile, were performed using Kaplan-Meier curves, multivariate Cox proportional-hazards models, and Landmark analysis. Results: the study analyzed 79 patients with a median age of 35 years, of whom 43 received the A-AVD regimen and 36 the ABVD regimen. Baseline clinical and demographic characteristics between the two cohorts were homogeneous and balanced, whereas the histotype distribution presented a statistically significant difference between the two groups. At a median follow-up of 36 months, the A-AVD regimen guaranteed a significantly superior PFS compared to ABVD (89.4% vs 58.3%, p = 0.003), while no significant differences were observed in OS (92.4% vs 94.4%). Univariate analysis at baseline demonstrated that none of the traditional clinical parameters maintained a prognostic impact on PFS. To estimate PFS net of early events, a 2-month Landmark analysis (n=78) was performed, which highlighted a clear superiority of the A-AVD regimen (PFS 89.4% vs 58.3%; p=0.003). The subsequent multivariate Cox model confirmed that the use of the ABVD regimen [p = 0.017; HR 3.88 (95% IC 1.27 – 11.83)] and the lack of early metabolic negativization [p = 0.004; HR 3.87 (95% IC 1.55 – 9.63)] represent the only independent predictors of treatment failure. Regarding tolerability, A-AVD eradicated cases of pulmonary toxicity but increased neurotoxicity (75.6%), which nonetheless resolved in 70% of cases thanks to proactive dose modifications. The incidence of febrile neutropenia in the A-AVD group remained negligible (2.4%) due to the systematic use of G-CSF. The analysis regarding therapeutic intensification after a positive PET-2 recorded a 12-month PFS of 100% for the cohort subjected to BrECADD and 71.4% for patients treated with BEACOPP. In relapses, second-line therapies allowed an access rate to ASCT of 78.9%. The OS for the 15 patients who received AutoHSCT showed excellent results, reaching 100% at 12 months and settling at 93.3% at 24 months from diagnosis. In elderly patients treated with sequential A-AVD (n=7), the tolerability profile was evaluated, specifically recording 0 cases of severe toxicity and 0 events of disease progression. Conclusions: data confirm the evidence of international trials, demonstrating the clear superiority of the A-AVD regimen in reducing the incidence of early therapeutic failures compared to ABVD. The overlapping of the OS curves reflects the high efficacy of current salvage therapies and autologous stem cell transplantation in rescuing relapsed patients. Furthermore, the study validates the independent predictive role of early metabolic assessment (PET-2).
Il trattamento del cHL in stadio avanzato si è evoluto dallo schema ABVD all'integrazione di terapie mirate, quale l'anticorpo coniugato Brentuximab Vedotin (schema A-AVD), e l'impiego di strategie PET-driven per massimizzare l'efficacia, prevenire le refrattarietà e abbattere tossicità limitanti come il danno polmonare indotto dalla bleomicina. Scopo dello studio: l'obiettivo primario è valutare real-world l'impatto clinico dell'introduzione dello schema A-AVD rispetto allo schema ABVD nei pazienti con cHL in stadio IV trattati presso l'Ematologia di Padova, misurandone la PFS e la OS. Gli obiettivi secondari includono la validazione della strategia PET-driven, l'analisi comparativa delle tossicità, l'efficacia delle terapie di seconda linea per il traghettamento all'autotrapianto e gli esiti nella popolazione geriatrica (≥65 anni). Materiali e metodi: è stato condotto uno studio osservazionale retrospettivo monocentrico includendo 79 pazienti adulti con cHL al IV stadio, trattati in prima linea con A-AVD (n=43) o ABVD (n=36) tra il 2015 e luglio 2025. Le analisi statistiche, orientate a individuare predittori di sopravvivenza ed efficacia clinica (OS e PFS), e il profilo di tollerabilità, sono state condotte mediante curve di Kaplan-Meier, modelli multivariati di Cox e Landmark analysis. Risultati: lo studio ha analizzato 79 pazienti con età mediana di 35 anni, di cui 43 hanno ricevuto lo schema A-AVD e 36 lo schema ABVD. Le caratteristiche clinico-demografiche tra le due coorti al baseline sono risultate omogenee e bilanciate, mentre la distribuzione dell’istotipo ha presentato una differenza statisticamente significativa tra i due gruppi. Ad un follow-up mediano di 36 mesi, lo schema A-AVD ha garantito una PFS nettamente superiore all'ABVD (89.4% vs 58.3%, p = 0.003), mentre non si sono rilevate differenze significative nell'OS (92.4% vs 94.4%). L'analisi univariata al baseline ha dimostrato che i nessuno dei parametri clinici ha mantenuto un impatto prognostico sulla PFS. Per stimare la PFS al netto degli eventi precoci, è stata effettuata un’analisi Landmark a 2 mesi (n=78) che ha evidenziato una netta superiorità nello schema A-AVD (PFS 89.4% vs 58.3%; p=0.003). Il successivo modello multivariato di Cox ha confermato che l'impiego dello schema ABVD [p = 0.017; HR 3.88 (IC 95% 1.27 – 11.83)] e la mancata negativizzazione metabolica precoce [p = 0.004; HR 3.87 (IC 95% 1.55 – 9.63)] rappresentano gli unici predittori indipendenti di fallimento terapeutico. Sotto il profilo della tollerabilità, l'A-AVD ha azzerato i casi di tossicità polmonare ma ha incrementato la neurotossicità (75.6%), risoltasi però nel 70% dei casi grazie a rimodulazioni di dose. L'incidenza di neutropenia febbrile nello stesso gruppo A-AVD è rimasta trascurabile (2.4%) grazie all'impiego della profilassi primaria con G-CSF. L’analisi relativa all’intensificazione terapeutica dopo PET-2 positiva ha registrato una PFS a 12 mesi del 100% per la coorte sottoposta a BrECADD e del 71.4% per i pazienti trattati con BEACOPP. Nelle recidive, le terapie di seconda linea ha permesso un tasso di accesso all’ASCT del 78.9%. La OS per i 15 pazienti che hanno ricevuto l’AutoHSCT ha mostrato risultati eccellenti, attestandosi al 100% a 12 mesi e al 93.3% a 24 mesi dalla diagnosi. Nei pazienti anziani trattati con A-AVDseq (n=7) è stato valutato il profilo di tollerabilità, che nello specifico ha registrato 0 casi di tossicità severa. Discussione: i dati confermano le evidenze dei trial internazionali attestando la netta superiorità dello schema A-AVD nel ridurre l’incidenza di fallimenti terapeutici precoci rispetto all'ABVD. La sovrapponibilità delle curve di OS riflette l’elevata efficacia delle attuali terapie di salvataggio e dell'autotrapianto nel recuperare le recidive. Inoltre, lo studio convalida il ruolo predittivo indipendente della PET-2.
Oltre lo schema ABVD: l’impatto del Brentuximab Vedotin nel Linfoma di Hodgkin classico e le strategie PET-driven nell’esperienza dell’Ematologia di Padova
DI PAOLA, ELISA
2025/2026
Abstract
Study background: the treatment of advanced-stage cHL has evolved from the ABVD regimen to the integration of targeted therapies, such as the antibody-drug conjugate Brentuximab Vedotin (A-AVD regimen), and the use of PET-driven strategies to maximize efficacy, prevent drug refractoriness, and eliminate dose-limiting toxicities, primarily bleomycin-induced lung damage. Aim of the study: the primary objective is to evaluate the real-world clinical impact of the introduction of the A-AVD regimen compared to ABVD in stage IV cHL patients treated at the Hematology Unit of Padova, measuring PFS and OS. Secondary objectives include the validation of the PET-driven strategy, a comparative toxicity analysis, the efficacy of second-line therapies bridging to autologous stem cell transplantation, and outcomes in the geriatric population (≥65 years). Materials and methods: a monocentric retrospective observational study was conducted, including 79 adult patients with stage IV cHL treated frontline with either A-AVD (n=43) or ABVD (n=36) between 2015 and July 2025. Statistical analyses, aimed at identifying survival predictors and assessing clinical efficacy (OS and PFS) alongside the tolerability profile, were performed using Kaplan-Meier curves, multivariate Cox proportional-hazards models, and Landmark analysis. Results: the study analyzed 79 patients with a median age of 35 years, of whom 43 received the A-AVD regimen and 36 the ABVD regimen. Baseline clinical and demographic characteristics between the two cohorts were homogeneous and balanced, whereas the histotype distribution presented a statistically significant difference between the two groups. At a median follow-up of 36 months, the A-AVD regimen guaranteed a significantly superior PFS compared to ABVD (89.4% vs 58.3%, p = 0.003), while no significant differences were observed in OS (92.4% vs 94.4%). Univariate analysis at baseline demonstrated that none of the traditional clinical parameters maintained a prognostic impact on PFS. To estimate PFS net of early events, a 2-month Landmark analysis (n=78) was performed, which highlighted a clear superiority of the A-AVD regimen (PFS 89.4% vs 58.3%; p=0.003). The subsequent multivariate Cox model confirmed that the use of the ABVD regimen [p = 0.017; HR 3.88 (95% IC 1.27 – 11.83)] and the lack of early metabolic negativization [p = 0.004; HR 3.87 (95% IC 1.55 – 9.63)] represent the only independent predictors of treatment failure. Regarding tolerability, A-AVD eradicated cases of pulmonary toxicity but increased neurotoxicity (75.6%), which nonetheless resolved in 70% of cases thanks to proactive dose modifications. The incidence of febrile neutropenia in the A-AVD group remained negligible (2.4%) due to the systematic use of G-CSF. The analysis regarding therapeutic intensification after a positive PET-2 recorded a 12-month PFS of 100% for the cohort subjected to BrECADD and 71.4% for patients treated with BEACOPP. In relapses, second-line therapies allowed an access rate to ASCT of 78.9%. The OS for the 15 patients who received AutoHSCT showed excellent results, reaching 100% at 12 months and settling at 93.3% at 24 months from diagnosis. In elderly patients treated with sequential A-AVD (n=7), the tolerability profile was evaluated, specifically recording 0 cases of severe toxicity and 0 events of disease progression. Conclusions: data confirm the evidence of international trials, demonstrating the clear superiority of the A-AVD regimen in reducing the incidence of early therapeutic failures compared to ABVD. The overlapping of the OS curves reflects the high efficacy of current salvage therapies and autologous stem cell transplantation in rescuing relapsed patients. Furthermore, the study validates the independent predictive role of early metabolic assessment (PET-2).| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/109352