Introduction: The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has necessitated the adaptation of group therapy to a digital format. Among the various studies that have examined the implications of this transition and its consequences for clinical practice, only a small number has focused on the perspective of psychodynamic/analytical group therapists. Objective: This systematic literature review aims to analyze the scientific evidence highlighting the perspective of psychodynamic/analytical therapists regarding synchronous online group therapy. The focus is on relational processes, therapeutic relationship, emotional resonance, and outcomes reported by the therapist. Method: The systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA; Page et al., 2021) guidelines and consisted of two phases: the first involved searching on academic databases (PsycInfo, PubMed, and Web of Science), followed by the second phase of citation-based searching (backward and forward snowballing of articles included in the previous phase). The review focused on gathering the perspectives of psychodynamic/analytically oriented group psychotherapists across three broad categories theorized by Orlinsky and Howard (1986): Determinants, Process, and Outcome. Results: Based on results, the Process category was further subdivided into four levels: group, dyadic, communicative-bodily, and personal-experiential. Reviewing the macro-areas of Determinants, Process, and Outcome, results highlight aspects of continuity and others of discrepancy between face-to-face and online group therapy: some factors change radically in the transition between formats, others disappear, and still others make their first appearance in the field of therapy. The perspective of the psychodynamic group therapist/group-analyst allows for the consideration of phenomena ranging from the formal to the relational, communicative, and personal, thereby incorporating both the clinician’s personal experiences and those perceived or communicated by patients. Conclusions: This literature review has shed light on a new aspect of online group therapy, focusing on a sample that has thus far been considered only marginally. This new digital format not only presents challenges for psychodynamic group therapists/group-analysts, but also offers an opportunity for professional and personal growth. Although online therapy is here to stay, it is necessary to expand research in the group setting in order to examine more deeply certain perceptions or specific dimensions that have so far been addressed only marginally.
Introduzione: Lo scoppio della pandemia di Covid-19 ha portato alla necessità di riadattare la terapia di gruppo al formato digitale. Tra i diversi studi che hanno indagato le implicazioni di questo passaggio e le sue conseguenze nella pratica clinica, solo una minima parte si è concentrata sul punto di vista dei terapeuti di gruppo ad orientamento psicodinamico/analitico. Obiettivo: La presente revisione sistematica della letteratura si pone l’obiettivo di analizzare le evidenze scientifiche che fanno emergere la prospettiva del terapeuta psicodinamico/analitico in merito alla terapia di gruppo online sincrona. L’attenzione si rivolge ai processi relazionali, alla relazione terapeutica, alla risonanza emotiva, e agli esiti riportati dal terapeuta. Metodo: La ricerca sistematica si è avvalsa del metodo Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA; Page et al., 2021) ed è stata caratterizzata da due fasi: la prima di ricerca su database accademici (PsycInfo, PubMed, e Web of Science), seguita dalla seconda di ricerca per citazioni (snowballing backward e forward degli articoli inclusi nella fase precedente). La revisione si è focalizzata sulla raccolta di opinioni degli psicoterapeuti di gruppo ad orientamento psicodinamico/analitico in tre macro-categorie teorizzate da Orlinsky e Howard (1986): Determinanti, Process e Outcome. Risultati: Sulla base dei risultati, il Process è stato a sua volta suddiviso in quattro livelli: gruppale, diade, comunicativo-corporeo, e personale-esperienziale. Ripercorrendo le macro-aree di Determinanti, Process e Outcome, i risultati sottolineano degli aspetti di continuità e altri di discrepanza tra la terapia di gruppo face-to-face e online: alcuni fattori si modificano radicalmente nel passaggio tra formati, altri spariscono, ed altri ancora fanno il loro primo ingresso nel campo della terapia. La prospettiva del terapeuta di gruppo psicodinamico/gruppoanalitico permette di considerare fenomeni che spaziano dal formale, al relazionale, al comunicativo e al personale, accogliendo così i vissuti sia personali del clinico, che percepiti o comunicati da parte dei pazienti. Conclusioni: La presente revisione della letteratura ha permesso di comprendere una nuova sfaccettatura della terapia di gruppo online, prendendo come riferimento un campione fino ad ora considerato solo in maniera marginale. Questo nuovo formato digitale non porta solamente delle sfide ai terapeuti di gruppo psicodinamici/gruppoanalitici, ma diventa un’occasione di crescita professionale e personale. Sebbene la terapia online sia qui per restare, è necessario ampliare le ricerche in ambito gruppale in modo da considerare in maniera più approfondita alcune percezioni o dimensioni specifiche trattate finora in maniera marginale.
È possibile squadrare il cerchio? Una Revisione Sistematica della Letteratura sulle sfide e le possibilità della terapia online dal punto di vista del terapeuta di gruppo psicodinamico/gruppoanalista
MORAS, ELISA
2025/2026
Abstract
Introduction: The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has necessitated the adaptation of group therapy to a digital format. Among the various studies that have examined the implications of this transition and its consequences for clinical practice, only a small number has focused on the perspective of psychodynamic/analytical group therapists. Objective: This systematic literature review aims to analyze the scientific evidence highlighting the perspective of psychodynamic/analytical therapists regarding synchronous online group therapy. The focus is on relational processes, therapeutic relationship, emotional resonance, and outcomes reported by the therapist. Method: The systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA; Page et al., 2021) guidelines and consisted of two phases: the first involved searching on academic databases (PsycInfo, PubMed, and Web of Science), followed by the second phase of citation-based searching (backward and forward snowballing of articles included in the previous phase). The review focused on gathering the perspectives of psychodynamic/analytically oriented group psychotherapists across three broad categories theorized by Orlinsky and Howard (1986): Determinants, Process, and Outcome. Results: Based on results, the Process category was further subdivided into four levels: group, dyadic, communicative-bodily, and personal-experiential. Reviewing the macro-areas of Determinants, Process, and Outcome, results highlight aspects of continuity and others of discrepancy between face-to-face and online group therapy: some factors change radically in the transition between formats, others disappear, and still others make their first appearance in the field of therapy. The perspective of the psychodynamic group therapist/group-analyst allows for the consideration of phenomena ranging from the formal to the relational, communicative, and personal, thereby incorporating both the clinician’s personal experiences and those perceived or communicated by patients. Conclusions: This literature review has shed light on a new aspect of online group therapy, focusing on a sample that has thus far been considered only marginally. This new digital format not only presents challenges for psychodynamic group therapists/group-analysts, but also offers an opportunity for professional and personal growth. Although online therapy is here to stay, it is necessary to expand research in the group setting in order to examine more deeply certain perceptions or specific dimensions that have so far been addressed only marginally.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/109543