Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents the 60-80% of all forms of dementia, and with the progressive aging of the population, its prevalence is expected to increase over the next 25 years. AD is a progressive and worsening neurodegenerative disease for which there is currently no cure but only therapies capable of slowing its progression. From this perspective, early diagnosis plays a key role in AD treatment as it allows the intervention in the preclinical phase by stimulating residual cognitive functions. In recent years, the literature has highlighted the validity of eye movements (EM) as a biomarker potentially capable of identifying the presence of AD already in the prodromal phase. Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to present a brief review of the literature on the role of EM during waking as a biological marker of AD, in order to provide useful hints to plan early rehabilitation interventions. Results: The literature reviewed highlighted the validity of EM, especially antisaccadic movements, as a specific and sensitive biomarker for AD even in its early stages, underscoring their value as a tool for early diagnosis. The studies reviewed highlighted the eye-tracker (ET) as a practical, cost-effective, and minimally invasive tool, overcoming the cost and invasiveness limitations associated with the biomarkers currently most widely used for in vivo AD diagnosis, namely positron emission tomography (PET) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis. Although the results are promising, the literature investigating the role of EM in AD remains limited, as also the standardization of EM parameters considered in the early diagnosis of AD, highlighting a gap that needs to be filled in future research.
Background: la malattia di Alzheimer (AD) costituisce il 60-80% di tutte le forme di demenza e, con il progressivo invecchiamento della popolazione, il suo numero è destinato ad aumentare nel corso dei prossimi 25 anni. L’AD rappresenta una patologia neurodegenerativa progressiva e ingravescente per la quale, attualmente, non esiste una cura ma solo terapie in grado di rallentarne il decorso. In quest’ottica, la diagnosi precoce riveste un ruolo chiave nei piani di trattamento dell’AD in quanto consente di intervenire già in fase preclinica agendo sulla stimolazione delle funzioni cognitive residue. Negli ultimi anni la letteratura ha sottolineato la validità dei movimenti oculari (EM) come biomarker potenzialmente in grado di evidenziare la presenza di AD già in fase prodromica. Scopo: lo scopo del presente elaborato è quello di presentare una breve rassegna della letteratura relativa al ruolo dei EM durante la veglia come marcatore biologico di AD nell’ottica di fornire spunti utili ad una progettazione di interventi riabilitativi precoci. Risultati: l’analisi della letteratura considerata ha evidenziato la validità dei EM, in particolare i movimenti anti-saccadici, come biomarker specifico e sensibile all’AD già in fase precoce sottolineandone la validità come strumento nell’ottica di una diagnosi precoce. Gli studi considerati hanno evidenziato l’eye-tracker (ET) come uno strumento pratico, economico e minimamente invasivo, valicando i limiti di costo ed invasività legati ai biomarcatori attualmente più utilizzati per diagnosticare in vivo l’AD, ovvero la tomografia ad emissione di positroni (PET) e l’analisi del liquido cerebrospinale (CSF). Per quanto i risultati siano promettenti, la letteratura che indaga il ruolo dei EM nell’AD rimane limitata, così come la standardizzazione dei parametri EM da considerare nell’ambito di una diagnosi precoce di AD, sottolineando una lacuna da colmare in indagini future.
Malattia di Alzheimer: il ruolo dei movimenti oculari nella diagnosi precoce
LOVADINA, SIMONE
2025/2026
Abstract
Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents the 60-80% of all forms of dementia, and with the progressive aging of the population, its prevalence is expected to increase over the next 25 years. AD is a progressive and worsening neurodegenerative disease for which there is currently no cure but only therapies capable of slowing its progression. From this perspective, early diagnosis plays a key role in AD treatment as it allows the intervention in the preclinical phase by stimulating residual cognitive functions. In recent years, the literature has highlighted the validity of eye movements (EM) as a biomarker potentially capable of identifying the presence of AD already in the prodromal phase. Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to present a brief review of the literature on the role of EM during waking as a biological marker of AD, in order to provide useful hints to plan early rehabilitation interventions. Results: The literature reviewed highlighted the validity of EM, especially antisaccadic movements, as a specific and sensitive biomarker for AD even in its early stages, underscoring their value as a tool for early diagnosis. The studies reviewed highlighted the eye-tracker (ET) as a practical, cost-effective, and minimally invasive tool, overcoming the cost and invasiveness limitations associated with the biomarkers currently most widely used for in vivo AD diagnosis, namely positron emission tomography (PET) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis. Although the results are promising, the literature investigating the role of EM in AD remains limited, as also the standardization of EM parameters considered in the early diagnosis of AD, highlighting a gap that needs to be filled in future research.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/109585