Parkinson's disease is a complex neurodegenerative disorder characterized not only by the presence of motor symptoms, but also by a broad spectrum of non-motor manifestations. Among the latter, depression and sleep disturbances play a key role, as they can precede the onset of motor symptoms and serve as potential prodromal manifestations or risk factors for the disease. This thesis analyzes the relationship between depression and neurodegeneration in the context of Parkinson's disease, examining the main hypotheses in the scientific literature. Specifically, depression is analyzed as a prodromal symptom, a potential risk factor, and as a manifestation independent of the neurodegenerative process. The complexity and bidirectional nature of this relationship are also highlighted, as well as the methodological and conceptual limitations of existing hypotheses, emphasizing the need for an integrated model to more fully understand the phenomenon. Sleep disturbances and alterations in circadian rhythms are frequent manifestations in patients with Parkinson's disease, characterized by an onset in the prodromal phase of the disease. Specifically, conditions such as REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD), restless legs syndrome (RLS), insomnia, and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) are explored, analyzing their role in the pathogenesis and progression of the disease. Finally, gender differences in Parkinson's disease are examined, exploring the most common clinical manifestations, the problem of female underrepresentation in research samples, and its potential implications for research and clinical practice. In conclusion, the following thesis explores the multifactorial and bidirectional nature of the relationship between depression, sleep disorders, and the process of neurodegeneration in the context of Parkinson's disease. Finally, it highlights the need for integrated approaches to better understand the underlying mechanisms in order to improve early identification of the disease and the development of more effective and personalized therapeutic strategies.
La malattia di Parkinson è una patologia neurodegenerativa complessa, caratterizzata non solo dalla presenza di sintomi motori, ma anche da un ampio spettro di manifestazioni non motorie. Tra queste ultime, la depressione e i disturbi del sonno rivestono un ruolo di rilievo, in quanto possono precedere l’esordio dei sintomi motori, configurandosi come possibili manifestazioni prodromiche o fattori di rischio della malattia. In questo elaborato viene analizzata la relazione tra depressione e neurodegenerazione nel contesto della malattia di Parkinson, esaminando le principali ipotesi presenti in letteratura. In particolare, la depressione viene analizzata come sintomo prodromico, potenziale fattore di rischio e come manifestazione indipendente dal processo neurodegenerativo. Viene inoltre evidenziata la complessità e la natura bidirezionale di tale relazione, nonché i limiti metodologici e concettuali delle ipotesi esistenti, sottolineando la necessità di un modello integrato per comprendere in modo più completo il fenomeno. I disturbi del sonno e le alterazioni dei ritmi circadiani sono manifestazioni frequenti nei pazienti con malattia di Parkinson, caratterizzati da un esordio nella fase prodromica della patologia. In particolare, vengono approfondite condizioni quali il disturbo comportamentale del sonno REM (RBD), la sindrome delle gambe senza riposo (RLS), l’insonnia e l’eccessiva sonnolenza diurna (EDS), analizzandone il ruolo nella patogenesi e nella progressione della malattia. Infine, vengono esaminate le differenze di genere nella malattia di Parkinson, esplorando le manifestazioni cliniche più frequenti, il problema della sottorappresentazione femminile nei campioni degli studi di ricerca e le sue possibili implicazioni nella ricerca e nella clinica. In conclusione, il seguente elaborato esplora la natura multifattoriale e bidirezionale che mette in relazione depressione, disturbi del sonno e il processo di neurodegenerazione nel contesto della malattia di Parkinson. Infine, viene evidenziata la necessità di utilizzare approcci integrati per una migliore comprensione dei meccanismi sottostanti, al fine di migliorare l’identificazione precoce della malattia e lo sviluppo di strategie terapeutiche più efficaci e personalizzate.
Depressione e disturbi del sonno nella fase prodromica della malattia di Parkinson
MACCHINI, ANNA
2025/2026
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a complex neurodegenerative disorder characterized not only by the presence of motor symptoms, but also by a broad spectrum of non-motor manifestations. Among the latter, depression and sleep disturbances play a key role, as they can precede the onset of motor symptoms and serve as potential prodromal manifestations or risk factors for the disease. This thesis analyzes the relationship between depression and neurodegeneration in the context of Parkinson's disease, examining the main hypotheses in the scientific literature. Specifically, depression is analyzed as a prodromal symptom, a potential risk factor, and as a manifestation independent of the neurodegenerative process. The complexity and bidirectional nature of this relationship are also highlighted, as well as the methodological and conceptual limitations of existing hypotheses, emphasizing the need for an integrated model to more fully understand the phenomenon. Sleep disturbances and alterations in circadian rhythms are frequent manifestations in patients with Parkinson's disease, characterized by an onset in the prodromal phase of the disease. Specifically, conditions such as REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD), restless legs syndrome (RLS), insomnia, and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) are explored, analyzing their role in the pathogenesis and progression of the disease. Finally, gender differences in Parkinson's disease are examined, exploring the most common clinical manifestations, the problem of female underrepresentation in research samples, and its potential implications for research and clinical practice. In conclusion, the following thesis explores the multifactorial and bidirectional nature of the relationship between depression, sleep disorders, and the process of neurodegeneration in the context of Parkinson's disease. Finally, it highlights the need for integrated approaches to better understand the underlying mechanisms in order to improve early identification of the disease and the development of more effective and personalized therapeutic strategies.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/109587