Objectives: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease that causes demyelination and axonal damage within the central nervous system. In this thesis, we conducted a systematic literature review focusing on associated executive dysfunction. In accordance with the most recent PRISMA guidelines, the literature search focused specifically on scientific articles assessing cognitive control and inhibition in these patients. The objective was to assess the extent to which executive dysfunction emerges as a result of the demyelination process and its impact on the daily lives of these patients. Methods: The PubMed and Scopus databases were searched for the literature search. Inclusion criteria included English-language articles published between 2015 and 2025 that investigated cognitive control and inhibition in non-pediatric patients with MS. Results: A total of 25 articles were identified, including three experimental studies and 22 observational studies, for a total of 1,315 MS patients analyzed. Analysis of the results in the literature confirms the presence of difficulties in cognitive control and inhibition in MS patients. In most studies, executive dysfunction is reported based on performance on tests that measure inhibitory control, such as the Stroop and Flanker, and tests that measure switching skills, such as the Task Switching and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Analysis of these results highlights the presence of both slower reaction times and difficulties in leaving the previous cognitive setting. Discussion: Deficits in accuracy and reaction times can be interpreted in light of the demyelinating and neural damage that characterizes MS. Executive slowing can hinder patients' daily activities by compromising planning, multitasking, and the ability to adapt. For this reason, examining executive deficits, even during the assessment phase, can facilitate the diagnostic process and guide research in the creation of targeted rehabilitation pathways.
Obiettivi: La Sclerosi Multipla (SM) è una malattia infiammatoria che causa demielinizzazione e danno assonale all’interno del sistema nervoso centrale. In questa tesi, abbiamo svolto una review sistematica della letteratura concentrandoci sulle disfunzioni esecutive ad essa associate. In accordo le più recenti linee guida PRISMA, la ricerca bibliografica si è svolta con particolare focus su articoli scientifici che concernono la valutazione del controllo cognitivo e dell’inibizione in questi pazienti. L’obiettivo è stato determinare in che misura le disfunzioni esecutive emergano a seguito del processo di demielinizzazione e quale sia il loro impatto nella vita quotidiana di questi pazienti. Metodi: Al fine della ricerca bibliografica sono stati consultati i database Pubmed e Scopus. I criteri di inclusione comprendono articoli in lingua inglese, pubblicati tra il 2015 e il 2025, che indagano capacità di controllo cognitivo e inibizione in pazienti non pediatrici affetti da SM. Risultati: Sono stati individuati un totale di 25 articoli di cui n=3 studi sperimentali e n=22 studi osservazionali, per un totale di 1.315 pazienti con SM analizzati. Dall’analisi dei risultati presenti in letteratura, viene confermata la presenza di difficoltà nel controllo cognitivo e nell’inibizione nei pazienti affetti da SM. Nella maggior parte degli studi, le disfunzioni esecutive vengono riportate sulla base della performance a test che misurano il controllo inibitorio, come lo Stroop e il Flanker, e test che misurano le abilità di switching, come Task- switching e Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. L’analisi di questi risultati evidenzia la presenza sia di un rallentamento nei tempi di reazione che di difficoltà nell’abbandono del setting cognitivo precedente. Discussione: I deficit nell’accuratezza e nei tempi di reazione possono essere interpretati alla luce del danno demielinizzante e neurale che caratterizza la SM. Il rallentamento esecutivo può ostacolare le attività quotidiane dei pazienti in quanto compromette pianificazione, multitasking e capacità di adattamento. Per questo motivo approfondire i deficit esecutivi anche in fase di valutazione può agevolare il processo diagnostico e orientare la ricerca nella creazione di percorsi riabilitativi mirati.
Controllo cognitivo ed inibizione nella Sclerosi Multipla: una review sistematica della letteratura
MANGIOLA, LINDA
2025/2026
Abstract
Objectives: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease that causes demyelination and axonal damage within the central nervous system. In this thesis, we conducted a systematic literature review focusing on associated executive dysfunction. In accordance with the most recent PRISMA guidelines, the literature search focused specifically on scientific articles assessing cognitive control and inhibition in these patients. The objective was to assess the extent to which executive dysfunction emerges as a result of the demyelination process and its impact on the daily lives of these patients. Methods: The PubMed and Scopus databases were searched for the literature search. Inclusion criteria included English-language articles published between 2015 and 2025 that investigated cognitive control and inhibition in non-pediatric patients with MS. Results: A total of 25 articles were identified, including three experimental studies and 22 observational studies, for a total of 1,315 MS patients analyzed. Analysis of the results in the literature confirms the presence of difficulties in cognitive control and inhibition in MS patients. In most studies, executive dysfunction is reported based on performance on tests that measure inhibitory control, such as the Stroop and Flanker, and tests that measure switching skills, such as the Task Switching and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Analysis of these results highlights the presence of both slower reaction times and difficulties in leaving the previous cognitive setting. Discussion: Deficits in accuracy and reaction times can be interpreted in light of the demyelinating and neural damage that characterizes MS. Executive slowing can hinder patients' daily activities by compromising planning, multitasking, and the ability to adapt. For this reason, examining executive deficits, even during the assessment phase, can facilitate the diagnostic process and guide research in the creation of targeted rehabilitation pathways.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/109589