This paper aims to analyze executive functions and neural plasticity mechanisms in the main syndromes associated with intellectual disability, with particular reference to Down syndrome, Williams syndrome, and Fragile X syndrome. Starting from the main theoretical models of executive functions (Miyake et al., 2000; Diamond, 2013; Friedman & Miyake, 2017), the paper examines the neurobiological basis of executive processes, focusing on the role of the prefrontal cortex, frontoparietal networks, and synaptic and circuit plasticity mechanisms. The role of the environment in modulating cognitive development is also discussed, with reference to the concept of environmental enrichment (Ball et al., 2019). In the central section, the cognitive profiles of the three syndromes are analyzed, highlighting similarities and differences in executive patterns and underlying neural alterations. The final goal is to understand whether and how differences in cognitive profiles can be traced back to the specific synaptic and circuit alterations characteristic of each syndrome, with implications for the personalization of rehabilitation interventions.
Il presente elaborato si propone di analizzare le funzioni esecutive e i meccanismi di plasticità neurale nelle principali sindromi associate a Disabilità Intellettiva, con particolare riferimento alla Sindrome di Down, alla Sindrome di Williams e alla Sindrome dell'X Fragile. A partire dai principali modelli teorici sulle funzioni esecutive (Miyake et al., 2000; Diamond, 2013; Friedman & Miyake, 2017), il lavoro esamina le basi neurobiologiche dei processi esecutivi, con attenzione al ruolo della corteccia prefrontale, delle reti fronto-parietali e dei meccanismi di plasticità sinaptica e circuitale. Viene inoltre discusso il ruolo dell'ambiente nella modulazione dello sviluppo cognitivo, con riferimento al concetto di arricchimento ambientale (Ball et al., 2019). Nella parte centrale, vengono analizzati i profili cognitivi delle tre sindromi, evidenziando somiglianze e differenze nei pattern esecutivi e nelle alterazioni neurali sottostanti. L'obiettivo finale è comprendere se e come le differenze nei profili cognitivi possano essere ricondotte alle specifiche alterazioni sinaptiche e circuitali caratteristiche di ciascuna sindrome, con implicazioni per la personalizzazione degli interventi abilitativi.
FUNZIONI ESECUTIVE E PLASTICITA’ NEURALE: UN’ANALISI COMPARATIVA TRA SINDROME DI DOWN, SINDROME DI WILLIAMS E SINDROME DELL’X FRAGILE
ZALLOT, VITTORIA
2025/2026
Abstract
This paper aims to analyze executive functions and neural plasticity mechanisms in the main syndromes associated with intellectual disability, with particular reference to Down syndrome, Williams syndrome, and Fragile X syndrome. Starting from the main theoretical models of executive functions (Miyake et al., 2000; Diamond, 2013; Friedman & Miyake, 2017), the paper examines the neurobiological basis of executive processes, focusing on the role of the prefrontal cortex, frontoparietal networks, and synaptic and circuit plasticity mechanisms. The role of the environment in modulating cognitive development is also discussed, with reference to the concept of environmental enrichment (Ball et al., 2019). In the central section, the cognitive profiles of the three syndromes are analyzed, highlighting similarities and differences in executive patterns and underlying neural alterations. The final goal is to understand whether and how differences in cognitive profiles can be traced back to the specific synaptic and circuit alterations characteristic of each syndrome, with implications for the personalization of rehabilitation interventions.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/109607