The study of consciousness remains, to this day, one of the most complex challenges in neuroscience. Although this topic was historically considered the exclusive domain of philosophy, recent decades have witnessed a shift toward a decidedly more empirical and neurobiological approach, thanks to the progressive development of neuroimaging techniques. This paper aims to investigate the nature of consciousness by analyzing its alterations, which can be induced either by endogenous factors—such as lucid dreaming, Out-of-Body Experiences (OBEs), and deep meditative practices—or by exogenous factors, through the consumption of psychedelic substances. These states, however unusual, have proven to be invaluable tools for observing from within the dynamics of brain networks, modulations in functional connectivity, and the functioning of systems such as the Default Mode Network. Therefore, to understand the neurobiological and neural correlates of altered states of consciousness, this paper is structured into four chapters. The first delves into and analyzes the definitions of consciousness, comparing the main neuroscientific models. The second chapter examines the most prominent investigative methodologies used in the study of these states (functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging - fMRI, Electroencephalography - EEG, Positron Emission Tomography - PET), analyzing their potential and interpretive limitations. The third chapter represents the core of the thesis, exploring in detail the neurobiology of the previously mentioned non-ordinary states. The fourth and final chapter concludes the paper by synthesizing the gathered evidence, highlighting its methodological limitations, and proposing potential new experimental designs to foster debate on new research perspectives in the field. Regarding the methodology adopted, this research analyzed systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and scientific articles available on platforms such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, utilizing keywords such as: "consciousness", "neural correlates of consciousness", "lucid dreaming neurobiology", "out-of-body experience", "psychedelics neurobiology", and "meditation neuroimaging".
Lo studio della coscienza rappresenta, ancora oggi, una delle sfide neuroscientifiche più complesse. Sebbene in passato questo argomento fosse considerato campo esclusivo della filosofia, negli ultimi decenni, grazie al progressivo sviluppo delle tecniche di neuroimaging, si è assistito ad uno spostamento verso un approccio decisamente più empirico e neurobiologico. Il presente elaborato intende indagare la natura della coscienza attraverso l’analisi delle sue alterazioni, che possono essere indotte da fattori di natura endogena come il sogno lucido, le Out-of-Body Experiences (OBE), pratiche meditative profonde o da fattori esogeni tramite l’assunzione di sostanze psichedeliche. Questi stati, per quanto insoliti, si sono rivelati strumenti preziosi per osservare dall'interno la dinamica dei network cerebrali, le modulazioni nella connettività funzionale e il funzionamento di sistemi come il Default Mode Network. Per comprendere, dunque, quali siano i correlati neurobiologici e cerebrali degli stati alterati di coscienza, l’elaborato è strutturato in quattro capitoli. Il primo approfondisce e analizza le definizioni di coscienza, mettendo a confronto i principali modelli neuroscientifici. Nel secondo capitolo vengono esaminate le metodologie di indagine più importanti nello studio di questi stati (risonanza magnetica funzionale - fMRI, elettroencefalografia - EEG, tomografia ad emissione di positroni - PET), analizzandone le potenzialità e i limiti interpretativi. Il terzo capitolo rappresenta il cuore della tesi, in quanto esplora nel dettaglio la neurobiologia degli stati non ordinari già precedentemente menzionati. Il quarto e ultimo capitolo conclude l’elaborato sintetizzando le evidenze raccolte, evidenziandone i limiti metodologici e proponendo possibili nuovi design sperimentali per aprire un dibattito sulle nuove prospettive della ricerca nel campo. Per quanto riguarda la metodologia adottata, per questa ricerca sono state analizzate revisioni sistematiche, metanalisi e articoli scientifici disponibili su piattaforme come PubMed, Scopus e Google Scholar, usando parole chiave come: "consciousness" "neural correlates of consciousness" "Lucid dreaming neurobiology" "out-of-body experience" "psychedelics neurobiology" "meditation neuroimaging".
Correlati neurali degli stati alterati di coscienza: un'analisi neuroscientifica e metodologica
AMATO, ALESSIO
2025/2026
Abstract
The study of consciousness remains, to this day, one of the most complex challenges in neuroscience. Although this topic was historically considered the exclusive domain of philosophy, recent decades have witnessed a shift toward a decidedly more empirical and neurobiological approach, thanks to the progressive development of neuroimaging techniques. This paper aims to investigate the nature of consciousness by analyzing its alterations, which can be induced either by endogenous factors—such as lucid dreaming, Out-of-Body Experiences (OBEs), and deep meditative practices—or by exogenous factors, through the consumption of psychedelic substances. These states, however unusual, have proven to be invaluable tools for observing from within the dynamics of brain networks, modulations in functional connectivity, and the functioning of systems such as the Default Mode Network. Therefore, to understand the neurobiological and neural correlates of altered states of consciousness, this paper is structured into four chapters. The first delves into and analyzes the definitions of consciousness, comparing the main neuroscientific models. The second chapter examines the most prominent investigative methodologies used in the study of these states (functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging - fMRI, Electroencephalography - EEG, Positron Emission Tomography - PET), analyzing their potential and interpretive limitations. The third chapter represents the core of the thesis, exploring in detail the neurobiology of the previously mentioned non-ordinary states. The fourth and final chapter concludes the paper by synthesizing the gathered evidence, highlighting its methodological limitations, and proposing potential new experimental designs to foster debate on new research perspectives in the field. Regarding the methodology adopted, this research analyzed systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and scientific articles available on platforms such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, utilizing keywords such as: "consciousness", "neural correlates of consciousness", "lucid dreaming neurobiology", "out-of-body experience", "psychedelics neurobiology", and "meditation neuroimaging".| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/109653