Sleep is a physiological condition characterized by motor inactivity and a reversible state of unconsciousness. Through polysomnography, an electrophysiological tool, it is possible to study the architecture of sleep in depth. It is divided into two stages: the NREM phase, present in the early hours of the night and divided into further sub-phases, is responsible for deep, restorative sleep; and the REM phase, which develops toward morning and is responsible for lively dream activity. Although the usefulness of sleep is not yet known, its presence is essential. It is no coincidence that sleep disorders are interdependent with numerous neuropsychiatric diseases and are also linked to several other metabolic disorders. Furthermore, recent research has identified sleep itself as an etiopathogenetic cause. This information translates into a necessary focus on sleep habits and the consideration of sleep itself as a preventative therapy against other disorders. This awareness is crucial, especially for children, who are the first to benefit from it. In fact, sleep disturbances have been reported in 50% of children, and the number increases significantly when it comes to children with neurodivergence. Among neurodevelopmental disorders with similar manifestations, Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is among the most common; studies indicate that over 80% of them experience sleep disturbances that cause significant disruption. Autism (Autism Spectrum Disorder) is a neurodivergent condition characterized by a general difficulty managing social relationships in the early years of life, which impacts cognitive, affective, and behavioral outcomes. The research presented in this paper aims to identify the contribution of sleep in children with ASD, how it has a positive or negative impact, if deficient, on optimal energy distribution in various daily cognitive functions, and what impact it has on the individual's behavior. A further investigative aspect of this review is to identify new therapeutic techniques that allow for the restoration of adequate sleep in pediatric ASD with the aim of improving quality of life.
Il sonno è una condizione fisiologica caratterizzata da una inattività motoria e uno stato di incoscienza reversibile. Tramite la polisonnografia, strumento elettrofisiologico, è possibile studiare in modo approfondito l’architettura del sonno. Esso si distribuisce in due stadi: la fase non rem, presente nelle prime ore notturne e divisa in ulteriori sottofasi, è responsabile del sonno profondo e ristoratore; e la fase rem, che si sviluppa verso il mattino ed è responsabile invece della vivace attività onirica. Sebbene l’utilità del sonno non sia ancora conosciuta la sua presenza è basilare. Non a caso, i disturbi del sonno sono interdipendenti con numerose malattie neuropsichiatriche oltre ad essere collegati anche a svariate altre malattie di natura metabolica. Inoltre, recenti lavori di ricerca hanno individuato nel sonno stesso una causa eziopatogenetica. Tali informazioni si traducono in una necessaria cura verso le abitudini rivolte al sonno e a considerare esso stesso come una terapia di prevenzione contro altri disturbi. Questa presa di coscienza è fondamentale anche sui bambini che ne sono i primi a beneficiarne. Infatti, disturbi del sonno sono stati registrati nel 50% dei bambini e il numero aumenta notevolmente quando si tratta di bambini con neurodivergenze. Tra i disturbi del neurosviluppo con manifestazioni simili, il Disturbo dello spettro autistico (ASD) è tra i più frequenti, studi indicano che oltre l’80% di essi sperimenta alterazioni del sonno che causano significativi disagi. L’autismo (Autism spectrum Disorder) è una condizione di neurodivergenza caratterizzata da una generale difficoltà nella gestione relazionale sociale nei primi anni di vita che si ripercuote nel piano cognitivo, affettivo e comportamentale. Il lavoro di ricerca presentato in questo elaborato propone di individuare il contributo del sonno in bambini ASD, come questo abbia valenza positiva o negativa, in caso di carenza, per una ottimale distribuzione dell’energia nelle varie funzioni cognitive giornaliere, ma anche su quale impatto abbia sul comportamento del soggetto. Ulteriore aspetto investigativo di questa ricerca di revisione è l’individuare le nuove tecniche terapeutiche che permettano di ripristinare un adeguato sonno negli ASD di età pediatrica con lo scopo di migliorare la qualità di vita.
L’influenza del sonno sullo sviluppo dei bambini con ASD: dalle alterazioni neuro-fisiologiche agli interventi terapeutici.
BIASIO, VITTORIA
2025/2026
Abstract
Sleep is a physiological condition characterized by motor inactivity and a reversible state of unconsciousness. Through polysomnography, an electrophysiological tool, it is possible to study the architecture of sleep in depth. It is divided into two stages: the NREM phase, present in the early hours of the night and divided into further sub-phases, is responsible for deep, restorative sleep; and the REM phase, which develops toward morning and is responsible for lively dream activity. Although the usefulness of sleep is not yet known, its presence is essential. It is no coincidence that sleep disorders are interdependent with numerous neuropsychiatric diseases and are also linked to several other metabolic disorders. Furthermore, recent research has identified sleep itself as an etiopathogenetic cause. This information translates into a necessary focus on sleep habits and the consideration of sleep itself as a preventative therapy against other disorders. This awareness is crucial, especially for children, who are the first to benefit from it. In fact, sleep disturbances have been reported in 50% of children, and the number increases significantly when it comes to children with neurodivergence. Among neurodevelopmental disorders with similar manifestations, Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is among the most common; studies indicate that over 80% of them experience sleep disturbances that cause significant disruption. Autism (Autism Spectrum Disorder) is a neurodivergent condition characterized by a general difficulty managing social relationships in the early years of life, which impacts cognitive, affective, and behavioral outcomes. The research presented in this paper aims to identify the contribution of sleep in children with ASD, how it has a positive or negative impact, if deficient, on optimal energy distribution in various daily cognitive functions, and what impact it has on the individual's behavior. A further investigative aspect of this review is to identify new therapeutic techniques that allow for the restoration of adequate sleep in pediatric ASD with the aim of improving quality of life.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/109665