In recent years, the increasing focus of the livestock sector on production efficiency has led to greater attention toward sustainability. In particular, modern pig farming is currently exploring innovative nutritional strategies aimed at improving productive performance, while reducing feeding costs and nitrogen excretion. This has encouraged the search for alternative protein sources to replace conventional feed ingredients. Among these, the microalga Arthrospira platensis, commonly known as Spirulina, has recently gained considerable interest. This ingredient, belonging to the family of photosynthetic cyanobacteria, represents an excellent protein source. In this study, the effects of different dietary strategies on the transcriptomic profile of 88 pigs were evaluated. The animals were divided into four experimental groups: a control group (CTR), fed a traditional diet containing cereals and soybean meal (SBM), and three experimental groups in which soybean meal was progressively replaced with a Spirulina-based complementary feed (SP). The replacement levels adopted were 33% (SP33), 66% (SP66), and 100% (SP100). The aim of the study was to investigate how the progressive inclusion of Spirulina in the diet could influence gene expression in pigs. Specifically, RNA was extracted from liver and muscle samples collected from slaughtered animals in order to analyze the transcriptomic profile of the different dietary groups. The obtained sequences were then aligned to the pig reference genome to identify the expressed genes and evaluate their expression levels in the two examined tissues. This approach made it possible to highlight the potential biological effects associated with the different diets. After the organization of the genomic data, several exploratory analyses were performed, including Principal Component Analysis (PCA), to evaluate sample distribution and verify the presence of possible unwanted variation among the experimental groups. Subsequently, differential expression analysis was carried out, and MA plots together with Volcano plots were generated to identify differences in gene expression levels among the dietary treatments. Finally, a functional analysis was performed using the “Panther” platform in order to identify the main biological processes involved in the two studied tissues. The results showed a limited modulation of the transcriptome in the comparison between CTR and SP33, whereas comparisons involving higher levels of Spirulina inclusion revealed a greater number of differentially expressed genes. Functional analysis highlighted the activation of several pathways and metabolic processes, which are further described in the study. Overall, the obtained results suggest that Spirulina may modulate gene expression in a dose-dependent manner in the analyzed tissues, highlighting the potential interest of this microalga as an innovative functional ingredient for pig nutrition.
Negli ultimi anni, la crescente attenzione del settore degli animali da reddito verso l’efficienza delle produzioni ha permesso di prestare maggiore interesse nel campo della sostenibilità. In particolar modo, la zootecnia moderna in ambito suinicolo è alla ricerca di strategie nutrizionali innovative, volte ad aumentare l’efficienza delle performance produttive riducendo i costi e le escrezioni azotate. Tale aspetto ha portato alla ricerca di fonti proteiche alternative agli ingredienti convenzionalmente utilizzati. Tra queste, negli ultimi anni, è emersa particolarmente la “microalga” Arthrospira platensis, volgarmente conosciuta come Spirulina. Tale ingrediente appartenente alla famiglia dei cianobatteri fotosintetici è un’ottima fonte proteica. In questo studio sono stati valutati gli effetti di differenti strategie alimentari sul profilo trascrittomico di 88 suini. Gli animali sono stati suddivisi in quattro gruppi sperimentali distinti: un gruppo di controllo (CTR), alimentati con una dieta tradizionale contenente cereali e farina di soia (SBM) e tre gruppi nei quali la farina di soia è stata sostituita in misura crescente con un mangime complementare a base di Spirulina (SP). In particolare, i livelli di sostituzione adottati sono stati del 33% (SP33), 66% (SP66) e 100% (SP100). L’obiettivo è stato quello di analizzare come l’inclusione progressiva della spirulina nella dieta possa influenzare l’espressione genica degli animali. Nello specifico, a partire dai campioni di fegato e muscolo prelevati dagli animali macellati, è stato estratto l’RNA al fine di analizzare il profilo trascrittomico nei diversi gruppi alimentari. Le sequenze ottenute sono state successivamente confrontate con il genoma di riferimento del suino, con lo scopo di osservare i geni presenti e valutarne il livello di espressione nei due tessuti esaminati. Questo approccio ha permesso di evidenziare i possibili effetti biologici dovuti alle diverse diete. Dopo l’organizzazione dei dati genomici raccolti, sono state effettuate alcune analisi esplorative, tra cui la Principal Component Analysis (PCA), per valutare la distribuzione dei campioni e verificare la presenza di eventuali variazioni indesiderate tra i gruppi sperimentali. Successivamente, mediante l’analisi differenziale, sono stati realizzati grafici MA e Volcano plot, utilizzati per evidenziare le differenze nei livelli di espressione genica tra i diversi trattamenti alimentari. Infine, è stata effettuata un’analisi funzionale con l’ausilio della piattaforma “Panther”, per individuare i principali processi biologici coinvolti nei due tessuti studiati. I risultati hanno evidenziato una limitata modulazione del trascrittoma nel confronto CTR vs SP33, mentre i confronti con livelli più elevati di inclusione di SP hanno mostrato un numero maggiore di geni espressi. Dall’analisi funzionale è emersa l’attivazione di alcuni pathway e processi metabolici, inseguito descritti. Nel complesso, i risultati ottenuti indicano che la spirulina possa modulare l’espressione genica in maniera dose-dipendente nei tessuti analizzati, evidenziando il potenziale interesse di questa “microalga” come ingrediente funzionale innovativo per l’alimentazione del suino.
Studio del trascrittoma epatico e muscolare mediante analisi RNA-seq in suini pesanti alimentati con livelli crescenti di Arthrospira platensis
DELLA VALLE, LUCA
2025/2026
Abstract
In recent years, the increasing focus of the livestock sector on production efficiency has led to greater attention toward sustainability. In particular, modern pig farming is currently exploring innovative nutritional strategies aimed at improving productive performance, while reducing feeding costs and nitrogen excretion. This has encouraged the search for alternative protein sources to replace conventional feed ingredients. Among these, the microalga Arthrospira platensis, commonly known as Spirulina, has recently gained considerable interest. This ingredient, belonging to the family of photosynthetic cyanobacteria, represents an excellent protein source. In this study, the effects of different dietary strategies on the transcriptomic profile of 88 pigs were evaluated. The animals were divided into four experimental groups: a control group (CTR), fed a traditional diet containing cereals and soybean meal (SBM), and three experimental groups in which soybean meal was progressively replaced with a Spirulina-based complementary feed (SP). The replacement levels adopted were 33% (SP33), 66% (SP66), and 100% (SP100). The aim of the study was to investigate how the progressive inclusion of Spirulina in the diet could influence gene expression in pigs. Specifically, RNA was extracted from liver and muscle samples collected from slaughtered animals in order to analyze the transcriptomic profile of the different dietary groups. The obtained sequences were then aligned to the pig reference genome to identify the expressed genes and evaluate their expression levels in the two examined tissues. This approach made it possible to highlight the potential biological effects associated with the different diets. After the organization of the genomic data, several exploratory analyses were performed, including Principal Component Analysis (PCA), to evaluate sample distribution and verify the presence of possible unwanted variation among the experimental groups. Subsequently, differential expression analysis was carried out, and MA plots together with Volcano plots were generated to identify differences in gene expression levels among the dietary treatments. Finally, a functional analysis was performed using the “Panther” platform in order to identify the main biological processes involved in the two studied tissues. The results showed a limited modulation of the transcriptome in the comparison between CTR and SP33, whereas comparisons involving higher levels of Spirulina inclusion revealed a greater number of differentially expressed genes. Functional analysis highlighted the activation of several pathways and metabolic processes, which are further described in the study. Overall, the obtained results suggest that Spirulina may modulate gene expression in a dose-dependent manner in the analyzed tissues, highlighting the potential interest of this microalga as an innovative functional ingredient for pig nutrition.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/110215