In pig nutrition, proteins play a crucial role from both economic and environmental perspectives. Currently, soybean meal represents the primary protein source, but its use is increasingly debated due to sustainability concerns, competition with human food crops, and the volatility of global prices. It is therefore essential to identify alternative sources for fattening pigs. In this context, the microalga spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) emerges as a valid candidate thanks to its high protein content, antioxidant properties, and the possibility of soilless cultivation. However, studies on the total replacement of soy with spirulina—particularly regarding its effects on the intestinal microbiota remain limited. This study aimed to characterize the intestinal microbiota of 60 pigs to explore diet-related differences and their relationship with production parameters. Animals were randomly assigned to four dietary groups fed with isoenergetic, isonitrogenous, and isoaminoacidic diets. The control group (CTR) received a diet based on cereals and soybean meal, representative of the typical feeding for heavy pigs destined for DOP ham production. In the three experimental diets (SP33, SP66, and SP100), soybean meal was replaced by 33%, 66%, and 100% respectively, using a spirulina-based core specifically formulated to replicate the nutritional profile of soy. At slaughter, which took place at 238 days of age with an average live weight of 174.5 kg, samples of intestinal contents were collected for subsequent microbiological analysis. Microbiota analyses indicated that A. platensis-based diets induce changes in microbial composition along the intestinal tract, with more marked shifts observed in the colon compared to the ileum. The most significant differences relative to the control emerged in the SP100 group, where the total replacement of soy was associated with an enrichment of bacterial genera linked to the degradation of complex carbohydrates and the potential production of short-chain fatty acids. These results suggest a microbiota adaptation toward the alternative protein and fiber sources provided by the microalga. No negative effects were found regarding growth performance, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility, or blood and histomorphological parameters. In conclusion, the study demonstrates that spirulina represents a sustainable and practical protein alternative, capable of entirely replacing soy without compromising animal welfare or zootechnical performance.
Nell’alimentazione del suino, le proteine rivestono un ruolo cruciale sotto il profilo economico e ambientale. Attualmente, la soia rappresenta la principale fonte proteica, ma il suo impiego è sempre più discusso per ragioni di sostenibilità, per la competizione con le colture alimentari umane e per la volatilità dei prezzi globali. Risulta quindi essenziale individuare fonti alternative per i suini da ingrasso. In questo contesto, la microalga spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) si propone come valida candidata grazie all’elevato contenuto proteico, alle proprietà antiossidanti e alla possibilità di coltivazione fuori suolo. Tuttavia, gli studi sulla sostituzione totale della soia con la spirulina, in particolare riguardo agli effetti sul microbiota intestinale, rimangono limitati. Il presente studio ha avuto come obiettivo la caratterizzazione del microbiota intestinale di 60 suini, al fine di esplorare le differenze legate alla dieta e le relazioni con i parametri di interesse produttivo. Gli animali sono stati assegnati casualmente a quattro gruppi alimentari nutriti con diete isoenergetiche, isoproteiche e isoaminoacidiche. Il gruppo di controllo (CTR) ha ricevuto una dieta a base di cereali e farina di soia, rappresentativa dell’alimentazione tipica del suino pesante destinato alla produzione di prosciutti DOP. Nelle tre diete sperimentali, denominate SP33, SP66 e SP100, la farina di soia è stata sostituita rispettivamente per il 33%, 66% e 100% con un nucleo di spirulina appositamente formulato per riprodurre il medesimo profilo nutrizionale della soia. Al momento della macellazione, avvenuta a 238 giorni di età e con un peso vivo medio di 174,5 kg, sono stati prelevati campioni del contenuto intestinale per le successive analisi microbiologiche. Le analisi del microbiota hanno indicato che le diete a base di A. platensis apportano modifiche alla composizione microbica lungo il tratto intestinale, con i cambiamenti più marcati osservati nel colon rispetto all’ileo. Le maggiori differenze rispetto al controllo sono emerse nel gruppo SP100, dove la sostituzione totale della soia è stata associata a un arricchimento di generi batterici correlati alla degradazione di carboidrati complessi e alla potenziale produzione di acidi grassi a catena corta. Tali risultati suggeriscono un adattamento del microbiota verso fonti alternative di proteine e fibre fornite dalla microalga. Non sono stati riscontrati effetti negativi sulle performance di crescita, caratteristiche della carcassa, digeribilità dei nutrienti e parametri ematochimici o istomorfologici. In conclusione, lo studio dimostra che la spirulina rappresenta un’alternativa proteica sostenibile e concreta, capace di sostituire interamente la soia senza compromettere il benessere animale o le performance zootecniche.
Caratterizzazione del microbiota intestinale di suini pesanti alimentati con Arthrospira platensis tramite sequenziamento del gene 16S rRNA
MARRONE, ALICE
2025/2026
Abstract
In pig nutrition, proteins play a crucial role from both economic and environmental perspectives. Currently, soybean meal represents the primary protein source, but its use is increasingly debated due to sustainability concerns, competition with human food crops, and the volatility of global prices. It is therefore essential to identify alternative sources for fattening pigs. In this context, the microalga spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) emerges as a valid candidate thanks to its high protein content, antioxidant properties, and the possibility of soilless cultivation. However, studies on the total replacement of soy with spirulina—particularly regarding its effects on the intestinal microbiota remain limited. This study aimed to characterize the intestinal microbiota of 60 pigs to explore diet-related differences and their relationship with production parameters. Animals were randomly assigned to four dietary groups fed with isoenergetic, isonitrogenous, and isoaminoacidic diets. The control group (CTR) received a diet based on cereals and soybean meal, representative of the typical feeding for heavy pigs destined for DOP ham production. In the three experimental diets (SP33, SP66, and SP100), soybean meal was replaced by 33%, 66%, and 100% respectively, using a spirulina-based core specifically formulated to replicate the nutritional profile of soy. At slaughter, which took place at 238 days of age with an average live weight of 174.5 kg, samples of intestinal contents were collected for subsequent microbiological analysis. Microbiota analyses indicated that A. platensis-based diets induce changes in microbial composition along the intestinal tract, with more marked shifts observed in the colon compared to the ileum. The most significant differences relative to the control emerged in the SP100 group, where the total replacement of soy was associated with an enrichment of bacterial genera linked to the degradation of complex carbohydrates and the potential production of short-chain fatty acids. These results suggest a microbiota adaptation toward the alternative protein and fiber sources provided by the microalga. No negative effects were found regarding growth performance, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility, or blood and histomorphological parameters. In conclusion, the study demonstrates that spirulina represents a sustainable and practical protein alternative, capable of entirely replacing soy without compromising animal welfare or zootechnical performance.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
ALICE MARRONE.pdf
Accesso riservato
Dimensione
3.08 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
3.08 MB | Adobe PDF |
The text of this website © Università degli studi di Padova. Full Text are published under a non-exclusive license. Metadata are under a CC0 License
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/110216