Modern agriculture is facing increasingly complex challenges related to global population growth, climate change and the need to reduce environmental impact of production systems. In this context nitrogen fertilization represent an important tool to ensure high crop productivity, but at the same time it is one of the main causes of environmental pollution due to losses through leaching, volatilization, and greenhouse gas emission associated with its use. Nitrogen fertilizers, which are mainly produced through the Haber-Bosch process with the consumption of great amounts of fossil fuels, enabled a significant increase in agricultural productivity. However, their extensive use has led to a decrease in nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and a marked increase in environmental impacts. European policies, including the European Green Deal and the Nitrates Directive promotes the reduction of synthetic fertilizer use encouraging more sustainable agricultural practices. Among all possible solutions, microbial biostimulants, particularly plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) have gained increasing attention due to their ability to enhance crop nutrient use efficiency. In this context, the genus Methylobacterium has emerged as particularly promising, owing to its capacity to utilize plantreleased C1 compounds (methanol) and to promote plant growth through phytohormone production, increased tolerance to abiotic stress and biological nitrogen fixation. Methylobacterium applications on major crops such as maize, wheat and soybean have shown variable results. Under low nitrogen availability inoculation with M. symbioticum has led to an increase on yields, whereas under high nitrogen fertilization conditions not significant effects have generally been observed. Nevertheless, improvements in physiological and morphological parameters such as chlorophyll content (SPAD), leaf biomass, root development, photosynthetic efficiency and stay-green effect late in the season have been frequentlyreported. From a grain quality perspective, the use of this microorganism has proved positive effects on the protein content and amino-acid composition of crop products, although these differences are often not statistically significant. Overall the results suggest that M. symbioticum represents a promising tool for more sustainable nitrogen fertilization management, particularly under low input condition and organic agriculture; however, the variability of the responses observed highlights the need for further research to better understand plant microbial environment interactions and optimize field applications.
L’agricoltura moderna si trova ad affrontare sfide sempre più complesse a causa dell’aumento della popolazione mondiale, dei cambiamenti climatici e alla necessità di ridurre l’impatto ambientale dei processi produttivi. L’azoto è uno dei fattori chiave per garantire una buona produttività agricola, soprattutto nei cereali, ma allo stesso tempo è una delle principali cause di inquinamento ambientale a causa delle perdite per lisciviazione, volatilizzazione ed emissioni di gas ad effetto serra legate. I fertilizzanti azotati, ottenuti principalmente attraverso il processo Haber-Bosch, con l’impiego di molta energia fossile, hanno consentito un notevole incremento delle rese colturali, ma al contempo si è registrata una riduzione dell’efficienza d’uso e un aumento significativo dell’impatto ambientale. Le politiche europee come il Green Deal e la Direttiva Nitrati promuovono la riduzione dell’uso di fertilizzanti azotati di sintesi, incentivando l’adozione di corrette pratiche agronomiche. Tra le possibili soluzioni ci sono i biostimolanti microbici, in particolare i batteri in grado di promuovere la crescita vegetativa (PGPB), che sono in grado di migliorare l’efficienza delle colture. In questo contesto sta emergendo il genere Methylobacterium che grazie alla sua capacità di sfruttare composti C1 (metanolo) della pianta promuove la crescita vegetale mediante la produzione di fitormoni, aumentando la resistenza agli stress abiotici e fissando azoto atmosferico. Sta attirando particolare attenzione la specie Methylobacterium symbioticum, batterio presente nel prodotto commerciale BlueN® di Corteva Agriscience. Questo batterio è in grado di colonizzare fillosfera ed endosfera fogliare, andando a fissare azoto atmosferico. L’analisi delle applicazioni su colture agrarie, quali mais, frumento e soia evidenzia risultati variabili. In condizioni di limitata disponibilità azotata l’inoculazione con M. symbioticum ha mostrato incrementi di resa, mentre in presenza di elevati IV livelli azotati non ha mostrato incrementi significativi. Tuttavia, sono stati registrati frequentemente miglioramenti di parametri fisiologici e morfologici, come il contenuto di clorofilla (SPAD), biomassa fogliare, sviluppo radicale, efficienza fotosintetica ed un effetto stay-green a fine ciclo. Dal punto di vista qualitativo l’impiego di questo batterio ha avuto effetti positivi ma non significativi nel contenuto proteico e nella composizione amminoacidica delle granelle di mais e frumento. Nel complesso i risultati indicano che M. symbioticum può essere un valido strumento per una gestione più sostenibile della concimazione azotata, soprattutto a bassi livelli di concimazione azotata, ed in agricoltura biologica. Tuttavia, la variabilità dei risultati ottenuti evidenzia la necessità di ulteriori studi per approfondire e comprendere i meccanismi di interazione tra microrganismo, pianta e ambiente.
Effetti agronomici del batterio azotofissatore Methylobacterium symbioticum in specie erbacee di pieno campo
FRACASSO, MATTEO
2025/2026
Abstract
Modern agriculture is facing increasingly complex challenges related to global population growth, climate change and the need to reduce environmental impact of production systems. In this context nitrogen fertilization represent an important tool to ensure high crop productivity, but at the same time it is one of the main causes of environmental pollution due to losses through leaching, volatilization, and greenhouse gas emission associated with its use. Nitrogen fertilizers, which are mainly produced through the Haber-Bosch process with the consumption of great amounts of fossil fuels, enabled a significant increase in agricultural productivity. However, their extensive use has led to a decrease in nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and a marked increase in environmental impacts. European policies, including the European Green Deal and the Nitrates Directive promotes the reduction of synthetic fertilizer use encouraging more sustainable agricultural practices. Among all possible solutions, microbial biostimulants, particularly plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) have gained increasing attention due to their ability to enhance crop nutrient use efficiency. In this context, the genus Methylobacterium has emerged as particularly promising, owing to its capacity to utilize plantreleased C1 compounds (methanol) and to promote plant growth through phytohormone production, increased tolerance to abiotic stress and biological nitrogen fixation. Methylobacterium applications on major crops such as maize, wheat and soybean have shown variable results. Under low nitrogen availability inoculation with M. symbioticum has led to an increase on yields, whereas under high nitrogen fertilization conditions not significant effects have generally been observed. Nevertheless, improvements in physiological and morphological parameters such as chlorophyll content (SPAD), leaf biomass, root development, photosynthetic efficiency and stay-green effect late in the season have been frequentlyreported. From a grain quality perspective, the use of this microorganism has proved positive effects on the protein content and amino-acid composition of crop products, although these differences are often not statistically significant. Overall the results suggest that M. symbioticum represents a promising tool for more sustainable nitrogen fertilization management, particularly under low input condition and organic agriculture; however, the variability of the responses observed highlights the need for further research to better understand plant microbial environment interactions and optimize field applications.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/110349