The purpose of this thesis was to investigate the impact of two distinct experimental settings on the behavioural responses and food choices of three alpacas (Vicugna pacos), namely Tigro, Timon, and Uncino, during a food preference test. Alpacas are highly social and sensitive herbivores whose feeding behaviour may be strongly affected not only by the nutritional characteristics of food, but also by environmental conditions, handling procedures, and experimental design employed during the experiment. Therefore, a better understanding of how these different experimental conditions influence alpacas’ behaviour could allow to obtain more accurate behavioural results and subsequently help improve the welfare-based management of these animals. The study was carried out at A&Alpaca Farm located in Vicenza, northern Italy and included the comparison of two experimental setups developed one year apart from each other. The first part of the study, conducted in 2024, took place in an outdoor setting, while the second phase, completed in 2025, was performed in an indoor setting designed to minimize external distractions and provide the animals greater freedom of movement. In both settings, alpacas were presented with a binary food choice between alpha-alpha hay and carrots, while their behavioural responses related to orientation, exploration, sniffing, locomotion, feeding, and possible stress-related signals were systematically recorded through video analysis using a specifically developed ethogram. Specific emphasis was placed on the potential impact that environmental factors, handler presence, restraint, and task familiarity may have on the alpacas’ decision-making process. Comparison of the two settings revealed behavioural differences associated with the level of environmental control and human intervention. In general, alpacas showed greater confidence and less hesitation (direct approach behaviour, p = 0.0045) in the indoor setting, where no lead was used and external disturbances were minimized. Conversely, the outdoor setting seemed to provoke greater distraction and uncertainty, as reflected by differences in inspection of both options (p = 0.0002), visual fixation (p = 0.0160) and alternating gaze (p = 0.0200), potentially affecting feeding-related behaviours as well as the reliability of preference assessment. In conclusion, this study contributed to gain insight into the alpaca feeding behaviour and emphasized the importance of species-appropriate experimental settings in behavioural research and welfare assessment.
Lo scopo di questa tesi era quello di studiare l'impatto di due distinti contesti sperimentali sulle risposte comportamentali e sulle scelte alimentari di tre alpaca (Vicugna pacos), Tigro, Timon e Uncino, durante un test sulle preferenze alimentari. Gli alpaca sono erbivori altamente sociali e sensibili il cui comportamento alimentare può essere fortemente influenzato non solo dalle caratteristiche nutrizionali del cibo, ma anche dalle condizioni ambientali, dalle procedure di manipolazione e dal disegno sperimentale impiegato durante l'esperimento. Pertanto, una migliore comprensione di come queste diverse condizioni sperimentali influenzano il comportamento degli alpaca potrebbe consentire di ottenere risultati comportamentali più accurati e successivamente contribuire a migliorare la gestione di questi animali basata sul benessere. Lo studio è stato condotto presso l'azienda agricola A&Alpaca situata a Vicenza, nel nord Italia, e ha incluso il confronto di due allestimenti sperimentali sviluppati a distanza di un anno l'uno dall'altro. La prima parte dello studio, condotta nel 2024, si è svolta in un ambiente esterno, mentre la seconda fase, completata nel 2025, è stata eseguita in un ambiente interno progettato per ridurre al minimo le distrazioni esterne e fornire agli animali una maggiore libertà di movimento. In entrambi i contesti, agli alpaca è stata presentata una scelta alimentare binaria tra fieno alfa-alfa e carote, mentre le loro risposte comportamentali relative all'orientamento, all'esplorazione, all'annusare, alla locomozione, all'alimentazione e ai possibili segnali legati allo stress sono state sistematicamente registrate attraverso l'analisi video utilizzando un etogramma sviluppato appositamente. Particolare enfasi è stata posta sul potenziale impatto che i fattori ambientali, la presenza dei gestori, la contenzione e la familiarità con i compiti possono avere sul processo decisionale degli alpaca. Il confronto tra i due contesti ha evidenziato differenze comportamentali associate al livello di controllo ambientale e di intervento umano. In generale, gli alpaca hanno mostrato maggiore sicurezza e meno esitazione (comportamento di avvicinamento diretto, p = 0,0045) nell'ambiente interno, dove non è stato utilizzata la longhina e i disturbi esterni sono stati ridotti al minimo. Al contrario, l'ambiente esterno sembrava provocare maggiore distrazione e incertezza, come riflesso dalle differenze nell'ispezione di entrambe le opzioni (p = 0,0002), nella fissazione visiva (p = 0,0160) e nello sguardo alternato (p = 0,0200), influenzando potenzialmente i comportamenti correlati all'alimentazione e l'affidabilità della valutazione delle preferenze. In conclusione, questo studio ha contribuito ad acquisire informazioni sul comportamento alimentare degli alpaca e ha sottolineato l’importanza di contesti sperimentali adeguati alla specie nella ricerca comportamentale e nella valutazione del benessere.
Comportamento degli Alpaca (Vicugna pacos) durante un Test di Scelta Alimentare utilizzando Due Setting Diversi
MARCHETTO, GIULIA
2025/2026
Abstract
The purpose of this thesis was to investigate the impact of two distinct experimental settings on the behavioural responses and food choices of three alpacas (Vicugna pacos), namely Tigro, Timon, and Uncino, during a food preference test. Alpacas are highly social and sensitive herbivores whose feeding behaviour may be strongly affected not only by the nutritional characteristics of food, but also by environmental conditions, handling procedures, and experimental design employed during the experiment. Therefore, a better understanding of how these different experimental conditions influence alpacas’ behaviour could allow to obtain more accurate behavioural results and subsequently help improve the welfare-based management of these animals. The study was carried out at A&Alpaca Farm located in Vicenza, northern Italy and included the comparison of two experimental setups developed one year apart from each other. The first part of the study, conducted in 2024, took place in an outdoor setting, while the second phase, completed in 2025, was performed in an indoor setting designed to minimize external distractions and provide the animals greater freedom of movement. In both settings, alpacas were presented with a binary food choice between alpha-alpha hay and carrots, while their behavioural responses related to orientation, exploration, sniffing, locomotion, feeding, and possible stress-related signals were systematically recorded through video analysis using a specifically developed ethogram. Specific emphasis was placed on the potential impact that environmental factors, handler presence, restraint, and task familiarity may have on the alpacas’ decision-making process. Comparison of the two settings revealed behavioural differences associated with the level of environmental control and human intervention. In general, alpacas showed greater confidence and less hesitation (direct approach behaviour, p = 0.0045) in the indoor setting, where no lead was used and external disturbances were minimized. Conversely, the outdoor setting seemed to provoke greater distraction and uncertainty, as reflected by differences in inspection of both options (p = 0.0002), visual fixation (p = 0.0160) and alternating gaze (p = 0.0200), potentially affecting feeding-related behaviours as well as the reliability of preference assessment. In conclusion, this study contributed to gain insight into the alpaca feeding behaviour and emphasized the importance of species-appropriate experimental settings in behavioural research and welfare assessment.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/110410