Online hate speech represents a significant challenge for adolescents’ socio-relational development, raising important questions about the factors that shape bystander responses in digital contexts. Drawing on the Transformation Framework (Nesi et al., 2018), the present longitudinal study examined the role of socio-emotional competencies and family dynamics in adolescents’ responses to online hate speech, focusing on the distinction between prosocial activation and disengagement. Specifically, the study investigated whether cooperation, emotional regulation, perceived parental interest in adolescents’ social media use, and the quality of parent–child communication about social media were associated with positive bystander behaviors (victim support and direct intervention) and negative responses (helplessness and avoidance). Participants were 235 Italian adolescents attending secondary schools at Time 1 (T1), with 221 participants completing the follow-up assessment approximately five months later (T2). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlations, and cross-sectional and longitudinal multiple linear regression models. Cross-sectional findings indicated that cooperation significantly predicted greater engagement in prosocial bystander behaviors, whereas emotional regulation and higher-quality parent–child communication were associated with lower levels of negative disengagement responses. Older adolescents also showed a greater tendency toward passive disengagement. Longitudinal analyses revealed substantial temporal stability in bystander behaviors across the two time points. In addition, perceived parental interest at T1 was positively associated with the maintenance of prosocial behaviors over time, whereas negative responses at T2 were primarily explained by baseline levels of the same behaviors. Overall, the findings highlight the protective role of individual socio-emotional resources and supportive family dynamics in promoting constructive adolescent responses to online hate speech.
L’odio online (hate speech) rappresenta una sfida significativa per i processi di sviluppo socio-relazionale in adolescenza, rendendo rilevante l’analisi dei fattori associati alle diverse modalità di risposta degli spettatori (bystander) nei contesti digitali. Il presente studio, collocato all’interno del Transformation Framework, indaga il ruolo delle competenze socio-emotive e delle dinamiche familiari nelle risposte degli adolescenti agli episodi di hate speech online. In particolare, l’obiettivo è verificare se cooperazione, regolazione emotiva, interesse genitoriale percepito verso l’uso dei social media e qualità della comunicazione genitore-figlio siano associati all’adozione di comportamenti positivi (supporto alla vittima e intervento diretto) o negativi (senso di impotenza ed evitamento). La ricerca ha coinvolto un campione di adolescenti frequentanti scuole secondarie di secondo grado italiane, attraverso un disegno longitudinale con due rilevazioni a distanza di circa cinque mesi (T1: N = 235; T2: N = 221). Le analisi, condotte mediante regressioni lineari multiple, evidenziano che alla prima rilevazione la cooperazione predice positivamente i comportamenti prosociali, mentre la regolazione emotiva e una migliore qualità della comunicazione familiare risultano associate a una minore tendenza ai comportamenti negativi. Un’età maggiore risulta inoltre associata a un incremento del disimpegno passivo. Le analisi longitudinali mostrano una significativa stabilità temporale delle condotte osservate. Inoltre, l’interesse genitoriale percepito al T1 emerge come predittore del mantenimento dei comportamenti positivi nel tempo, mentre i comportamenti negativi al T2 risultano spiegati prevalentemente dai livelli iniziali dello stesso costrutto. I risultati evidenziano il potenziale ruolo protettivo delle competenze socio-emotive e delle dinamiche familiari nel promuovere risposte più costruttive degli adolescenti di fronte all’odio online.
Le risposte degli adolescenti all’hate speech online: uno studio longitudinale sul ruolo delle competenze individuali e delle dinamiche familiari
BUCCI, LUCIA
2025/2026
Abstract
Online hate speech represents a significant challenge for adolescents’ socio-relational development, raising important questions about the factors that shape bystander responses in digital contexts. Drawing on the Transformation Framework (Nesi et al., 2018), the present longitudinal study examined the role of socio-emotional competencies and family dynamics in adolescents’ responses to online hate speech, focusing on the distinction between prosocial activation and disengagement. Specifically, the study investigated whether cooperation, emotional regulation, perceived parental interest in adolescents’ social media use, and the quality of parent–child communication about social media were associated with positive bystander behaviors (victim support and direct intervention) and negative responses (helplessness and avoidance). Participants were 235 Italian adolescents attending secondary schools at Time 1 (T1), with 221 participants completing the follow-up assessment approximately five months later (T2). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlations, and cross-sectional and longitudinal multiple linear regression models. Cross-sectional findings indicated that cooperation significantly predicted greater engagement in prosocial bystander behaviors, whereas emotional regulation and higher-quality parent–child communication were associated with lower levels of negative disengagement responses. Older adolescents also showed a greater tendency toward passive disengagement. Longitudinal analyses revealed substantial temporal stability in bystander behaviors across the two time points. In addition, perceived parental interest at T1 was positively associated with the maintenance of prosocial behaviors over time, whereas negative responses at T2 were primarily explained by baseline levels of the same behaviors. Overall, the findings highlight the protective role of individual socio-emotional resources and supportive family dynamics in promoting constructive adolescent responses to online hate speech.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/110708