This research analyzes the application of the European Union’s Global Human Rights Sanctions Regime (GHRSR) as an instrument for promoting and protecting human rights within the framework of the Common Foreign and Security Policy. The analysis contributes to the debate on the European Union’s role as a normative actor, exploring the tension between the value-based dimension of its external action and the influence exerted by geopolitical, strategic, and economic interests. Drawing on the concept of "Normative Power Europe," the study examines the EU’s capacity to disseminate principles such as democracy, the rule of law, and respect for human rights through political conditionality and restrictive measures. Particular attention is paid to the GHRSR, established in 2020 to enable the adoption of targeted sanctions against individuals and entities responsible for serious human rights violations, thereby moving beyond the traditional approach based solely on geographic criteria. Employing a qualitative approach based on the analysis of European institutional sources, legal acts, official statements, and academic literature, the research compares two case studies: Russia and Israel. The aim is to understand the extent to which the use of the European sanctions regime is influenced by political and strategic factors, alongside the formally established normative criteria. The analysis highlights how the European Union constantly balances the promotion of its core values with the demands of the international context and the varying priorities of its Member States. Selectivity in the application of restrictive measures can give rise to accusations of double standards and affect the EU’s credibility as a global normative actor. The research concludes that European normative power depends not only on the capacity to formulate and promote international norms but, above all, on the consistency with which these principles are applied in practice. The gap between declared values and concrete policy decisions thus represents a major challenge for the legitimacy and effectiveness of the European Union’s external action.
La presente ricerca analizza l’applicazione del Global Human Rights Sanctions Regime (GHRSR) dell’Unione Europea come strumento di promozione e tutela dei diritti umani nell’ambito della Politica Estera e di Sicurezza Comune. L’analisi si inserisce nel dibattito sul ruolo dell’Unione Europea come attore normativo, approfondendo la tensione tra la dimensione valoriale della sua azione esterna e l’influenza esercitata da interessi geopolitici, strategici ed economici. A partire dal concetto di Normative Power Europe, il lavoro esamina la capacità dell’UE di diffondere principi quali democrazia, stato di diritto e rispetto dei diritti umani attraverso strumenti di condizionalità politica e misure restrittive. Particolare attenzione è dedicata al GHRSR, istituito nel 2020 con l’obiettivo di consentire l’adozione di sanzioni mirate nei confronti di individui ed entità responsabili di gravi violazioni dei diritti umani, superando il tradizionale approccio basato esclusivamente su criteri geografici. Attraverso un approccio qualitativo fondato sull’analisi documentale di fonti istituzionali europee, atti normativi, dichiarazioni ufficiali e letteratura accademica, la ricerca confronta due casi studio: Russia e Israele. L’obiettivo è comprendere in che misura l’utilizzo del regime sanzionatorio europeo sia influenzato da fattori politici e strategici oltre che dai criteri normativi formalmente previsti. L’analisi evidenzia come l’Unione Europea si trovi costantemente a bilanciare la promozione dei propri valori fondamentali con le esigenze derivanti dal contesto internazionale e dalle diverse priorità degli Stati membri. La selettività nell’applicazione delle misure restrittive può generare accuse di doppi standard e incidere sulla credibilità dell’UE come attore normativo globale. La ricerca conclude che il potere normativo europeo dipende non solo dalla capacità di elaborare e promuovere norme internazionali, ma soprattutto dalla coerenza con cui tali principi vengono applicati nella pratica. La distanza tra valori dichiarati e decisioni politiche concrete rappresenta quindi una delle principali sfide per la legittimità e l’efficacia dell’azione esterna dell’Unione Europea.
L’APPLICAZIONE SELETTIVA DEL GLOBAL HUMAN RIGHTS SANCTIONS REGIME DELL’UNIONE EUROPEA: UN’ANALISI COMPARATA TRA RUSSIA E ISRAELE
LOVATO, REBECCA
2025/2026
Abstract
This research analyzes the application of the European Union’s Global Human Rights Sanctions Regime (GHRSR) as an instrument for promoting and protecting human rights within the framework of the Common Foreign and Security Policy. The analysis contributes to the debate on the European Union’s role as a normative actor, exploring the tension between the value-based dimension of its external action and the influence exerted by geopolitical, strategic, and economic interests. Drawing on the concept of "Normative Power Europe," the study examines the EU’s capacity to disseminate principles such as democracy, the rule of law, and respect for human rights through political conditionality and restrictive measures. Particular attention is paid to the GHRSR, established in 2020 to enable the adoption of targeted sanctions against individuals and entities responsible for serious human rights violations, thereby moving beyond the traditional approach based solely on geographic criteria. Employing a qualitative approach based on the analysis of European institutional sources, legal acts, official statements, and academic literature, the research compares two case studies: Russia and Israel. The aim is to understand the extent to which the use of the European sanctions regime is influenced by political and strategic factors, alongside the formally established normative criteria. The analysis highlights how the European Union constantly balances the promotion of its core values with the demands of the international context and the varying priorities of its Member States. Selectivity in the application of restrictive measures can give rise to accusations of double standards and affect the EU’s credibility as a global normative actor. The research concludes that European normative power depends not only on the capacity to formulate and promote international norms but, above all, on the consistency with which these principles are applied in practice. The gap between declared values and concrete policy decisions thus represents a major challenge for the legitimacy and effectiveness of the European Union’s external action.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/111260