Transthyretin (TTR) is a tetrameric protein primarily synthesized by the liver and involved in the transport of thyroxine and retinol. Beyond its physiological function, TTR is also responsible for transthyretin amyloidosis, a disease characterized by the deposition of amyloid fibrils. In the hereditary form (ATTRv), caused by mutations in the TTR gene, amyloid deposits contain proteolytic fragments, suggesting that proteolysis plays a role in fibril formation. Recent studies have identified the presence of a covalent dimeric form of TTR (TTR-dim) in the plasma of ATTRv patients carrying the V30M mutation. This species consists of two TTR monomers linked by a disulfide bond. Although its role in amyloidosis remains unclear, it has been hypothesized to represent an intermediate in the amyloidogenic process. The aim of this study was to produce and characterize the covalent TTR V30M dimer in vitro, investigating its structural properties and susceptibility to proteolysis. Our analyses showed that TTR-dim adopts a more flexible and less compact conformation than the native tetrameric protein. It also exhibited an increased susceptibility to proteolytic cleavage by trypsin and plasmin, leading to the production of the amyloidogenic fragments 49–127 and 81–127, which have previously been identified in pathological amyloid deposits. Overall, these findings demonstrate that the covalent dimer displays structural features distinct from those of native TTR and support the hypothesis that it may represent an intermediate involved in the development of hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis. Further studies will be required to clarify its role in amyloid fibril formation and disease progression.
La transtiretina (TTR) è una proteina tetramerica prodotta principalmente dal fegato, coinvolta nel trasporto della tiroxina e del retinolo. Oltre alla sua funzione fisiologica, è responsabile dell’amiloidosi da transtiretina, patologia caratterizzata dalla deposizione di fibrille amiloidi. Nella forma ereditaria (ATTRv), causata da mutazioni della TTR, i depositi contengono frammenti proteici che suggeriscono un ruolo della proteolisi nella formazione delle fibrille. Recenti studi hanno identificato nel plasma di pazienti con ATTRv portatori della mutazione V30M la presenza di una forma dimerica covalente di TTR (TTR-dim), costituita da due monomeri uniti da un ponte disolfuro. Sebbene il suo ruolo non sia ancora chiarito, si ipotizza che rappresenti un intermedio nel processo di amiloidogenesi. L'obiettivo di questo lavoro è stato produrre e caratterizzare in vitro il dimero covalente di TTR V30M, analizzandone le proprietà strutturali e la suscettibilità alla proteolisi. Le analisi hanno mostrato che TTR-dim possiede una conformazione più flessibile e meno compatta rispetto alla proteina tetramerica nativa, si evidenzia anche una più elevata suscettibilità alla proteolisi da parte di tripsina e plasmina, con formazione dei frammenti amiloidogenici 49-127 e 81-127, già osservati nei depositi patologici. Nel complesso, i risultati dimostrano che il dimero covalente presenta caratteristiche strutturali distinte rispetto alla TTR nativa e supportano l'ipotesi che possa rappresentare un intermedio coinvolto nello sviluppo dell'amiloidosi ereditaria da transtiretina. Ulteriori studi saranno necessari per definirne il ruolo nella formazione delle fibrille amiloidi e nella progressione della malattia.
Produzione e caratterizzazione conformazionale del dimero covalente di transtiretina umana: implicazioni nella patogenesi dell'amiloidosi da transtiretina
BUOSI, NICOLE
2025/2026
Abstract
Transthyretin (TTR) is a tetrameric protein primarily synthesized by the liver and involved in the transport of thyroxine and retinol. Beyond its physiological function, TTR is also responsible for transthyretin amyloidosis, a disease characterized by the deposition of amyloid fibrils. In the hereditary form (ATTRv), caused by mutations in the TTR gene, amyloid deposits contain proteolytic fragments, suggesting that proteolysis plays a role in fibril formation. Recent studies have identified the presence of a covalent dimeric form of TTR (TTR-dim) in the plasma of ATTRv patients carrying the V30M mutation. This species consists of two TTR monomers linked by a disulfide bond. Although its role in amyloidosis remains unclear, it has been hypothesized to represent an intermediate in the amyloidogenic process. The aim of this study was to produce and characterize the covalent TTR V30M dimer in vitro, investigating its structural properties and susceptibility to proteolysis. Our analyses showed that TTR-dim adopts a more flexible and less compact conformation than the native tetrameric protein. It also exhibited an increased susceptibility to proteolytic cleavage by trypsin and plasmin, leading to the production of the amyloidogenic fragments 49–127 and 81–127, which have previously been identified in pathological amyloid deposits. Overall, these findings demonstrate that the covalent dimer displays structural features distinct from those of native TTR and support the hypothesis that it may represent an intermediate involved in the development of hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis. Further studies will be required to clarify its role in amyloid fibril formation and disease progression.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/111579