This master’s thesis explores Keiji Nishitani’s standpoint of emptiness (śūnyatā, kū) as a definitive resolution to despair, the specific existential condition engendered by European nihilism. According to Nishitani, despair is far more than mere suffering; it represents the irrefutable collapse of every worldly value and foundation, forcing the contemporary subject into an existence experienced as inherently chaotic and malevolent due to the withdrawal of religious transcendence. In the first chapter, this work first delineates the philosophical context of Nishitani’s early development by analyzing his Eastern roots within the Kyoto School. Particular attention is given to his mentor, Kitarō Nishida, the progenitor of Japanese philosophy as an intercultural inquiry that synthesizes the classical conceptual framework of Western philosophy with the thematic and contemplative insights from Zen Buddhist tradition. The second chapter examines the Western foundations of Nishitani’s thought, focusing on the problematization of nihilism as his primary philosophical exigency. It investigates those authors who most acutely described this historical and existential phenomenon, with specific regard for the contributions of Nietzsche, Dostoevsky, Eckhart and Heidegger. After that, the study highlights how Nishitani diverges from these thinkers to establish the theoretical and practical space in which Zen can overcome nihilism through the introduction of the standpoint of emptiness. The latter is presented as a fundamental existential dimension capable of reconstructing the profound interconnection between the individual, the world, and the Divine, a bond previously severed by the nihilum. Finally, the third chapter emphasizes the concrete application of this standpoint by examining it within the artistic and poetic process, specifically in relation to the haiku. For Nishitani, the essence of poetry lies in the fact that it simultaneously possesses both a linguistic-metaphorical value and a real, tangible one. Consequently, he reflects deeply on the image of the «empty sky» (kokū), which does not merely evoke the world's emptiness and infinite interconnection but serves as its actual embodiment. In this sense, poetry is not a descriptive instrument at our disposal, but rather a way of being in the world while remaining radically connected to it.
Questo lavoro di tesi magistrale consiste nell’elaborazione della posizione della vacuità (śūnyatā, kū) di Keiji Nishitani in quanto soluzione a quella particolare condizione esistenziale generata dal nichilismo europeo che è la disperazione. Secondo Nishitani quest’ultima non è solo sofferenza, bensì il segno inconfutabile della scomparsa di ogni valore e fondamento del mondo che costringe il soggetto contemporaneo in un’esistenza vissuta come intrinsecamente caotica e malvagia perché privata della trascendenza religiosa. Questo lavoro ha voluto allora innanzitutto mostrare il contesto filosofico in cui Nishitani ha mosso i suoi primi passi analizzando, nel primo capitolo, le sue origini orientali nella Scuola di Kyoto e, in particolare, nel maestro Kitarō Nishida come iniziatore della filosofia giapponese in quanto ricerca interculturale che unisce la base concettuale classica della filosofia occidentale all’apporto tematico e contemplativo della tradizione Buddhista Zen. Nel secondo capitolo, si è mostrata invece la radice occidentale del pensiero di Nishitani, dedicando spazio alla tematizzazione del nichilismo, sua esigenza filosofica principale, e all’indagine di quegli autori che per lui meglio hanno descritto questo fenomeno storico ed esistenziale, con particolarmente attenzione per i contributi di Nietzsche, Dostoevskij, Eckhart e Heidegger. Successivamente, si è anche evidenziato come Nishitani si distacchi da questi pensatori per costruire lo spazio teorico e pratico in cui lo Zen possa essere risolutivo per il superamento del nichilismo, mediante l’introduzione della posizione della vacuità. Quest’ultima è stata colta come dimensione fondamentale dell’esistenza in grado di ricostruire quella forte connessione individuo-mondo ed individuo-Dio che il nihilum aveva distrutto. Il terzo capitolo, infine, ha voluto valorizzare la concretezza di questa posizione mostrandola in atto all’interno del processo artistico e poetico, in particolare in relazione allo haiku. Per Nishitani l’essenza della poesia risiede nel possedere al contempo un valore linguistico e metaforico legato intrinsecamente ad uno reale e sensibile. Per tale ragione egli riflette molto sull’immagine del «cielo vuoto» (kokū) dato che esso non solo suscita il senso di vuoto del mondo, la sua infinita interconnessione, ma ne è anche incarnazione reale. La poesia, in questo senso, non è solo un modo di descrivere la realtà o uno strumento a nostra disposizione ma, innanzitutto, un modo di vivere il mondo mentre si è connessi ad esso.
Lo Haiku come pratica della vacuità in Keiji Nishitani
MARTELLOTTA, GIANLUCA DOMENICO ALDO
2025/2026
Abstract
This master’s thesis explores Keiji Nishitani’s standpoint of emptiness (śūnyatā, kū) as a definitive resolution to despair, the specific existential condition engendered by European nihilism. According to Nishitani, despair is far more than mere suffering; it represents the irrefutable collapse of every worldly value and foundation, forcing the contemporary subject into an existence experienced as inherently chaotic and malevolent due to the withdrawal of religious transcendence. In the first chapter, this work first delineates the philosophical context of Nishitani’s early development by analyzing his Eastern roots within the Kyoto School. Particular attention is given to his mentor, Kitarō Nishida, the progenitor of Japanese philosophy as an intercultural inquiry that synthesizes the classical conceptual framework of Western philosophy with the thematic and contemplative insights from Zen Buddhist tradition. The second chapter examines the Western foundations of Nishitani’s thought, focusing on the problematization of nihilism as his primary philosophical exigency. It investigates those authors who most acutely described this historical and existential phenomenon, with specific regard for the contributions of Nietzsche, Dostoevsky, Eckhart and Heidegger. After that, the study highlights how Nishitani diverges from these thinkers to establish the theoretical and practical space in which Zen can overcome nihilism through the introduction of the standpoint of emptiness. The latter is presented as a fundamental existential dimension capable of reconstructing the profound interconnection between the individual, the world, and the Divine, a bond previously severed by the nihilum. Finally, the third chapter emphasizes the concrete application of this standpoint by examining it within the artistic and poetic process, specifically in relation to the haiku. For Nishitani, the essence of poetry lies in the fact that it simultaneously possesses both a linguistic-metaphorical value and a real, tangible one. Consequently, he reflects deeply on the image of the «empty sky» (kokū), which does not merely evoke the world's emptiness and infinite interconnection but serves as its actual embodiment. In this sense, poetry is not a descriptive instrument at our disposal, but rather a way of being in the world while remaining radically connected to it.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/113232