Pain is a multidimensional experience that cannot be reduced to the simple transmission of nociceptive signals. Drawing on the theoretical foundations of the Gate Control Theory by Melzack and Wall (1965), this work examines the role of cognitive processes in pain modulation, with particular reference to attentional mechanisms, expectations, and cognitive regulation. In particular, through the analysis of attentional processes, their evolutionary relevance in the selection of nociceptive stimuli and coping strategies based on attentional orientation, such as distraction and sensory monitoring, are described. With regard to expectations, particular attention is devoted to the examination of placebo and nocebo effects, as well as catastrophizing and the role of perceived control in the selection of pain coping strategies. The reviewed literature highlights how cognitive processes constitute a fundamental component of the pain experience, on a par with the sensory dimension, with relevant implications for the understanding and treatment of pain.
Il dolore è un'esperienza multidimensionale e non può essere ridotto alla semplice trasmissione di segnali nocicettivi. A partire dalle basi teoriche della Gate Control theory di Melzack e Wall (1965), questo elaborato intende esaminare il ruolo dei processi cognitivi nella modulazione del dolore, con particolare riferimento ai meccanismi attentivi, alle aspettative e alla regolazione cognitiva. Attraverso l’analisi dei processi attentivi, in particolare, è descritta la loro rilevanza evolutiva nella selezione di stimoli nocicettivi e le strategie di coping basate sull’orientamento attentivo come distrazione e monitoraggio sensoriale. Per quanto concerne le aspettative, invece, particolare attenzione è dedicata all’approfondimento degli effetti placebo e nocebo, oltre alla catastrofizzazione e al ruolo del controllo percepito nella selezione delle strategie di coping del dolore. La letteratura esaminata evidenzia come i processi cognitivi costituiscano una componente fondamentale dell'esperienza dolorosa al pari della dimensione sensoriale, con implicazioni rilevanti per la comprensione e il trattamento del dolore.
L’influenza dei processi cognitivi nella percezione del dolore: dalla Gate Control Theory all’attenzione e aspettative individuali
BAHRIN, BOHDANA
2025/2026
Abstract
Pain is a multidimensional experience that cannot be reduced to the simple transmission of nociceptive signals. Drawing on the theoretical foundations of the Gate Control Theory by Melzack and Wall (1965), this work examines the role of cognitive processes in pain modulation, with particular reference to attentional mechanisms, expectations, and cognitive regulation. In particular, through the analysis of attentional processes, their evolutionary relevance in the selection of nociceptive stimuli and coping strategies based on attentional orientation, such as distraction and sensory monitoring, are described. With regard to expectations, particular attention is devoted to the examination of placebo and nocebo effects, as well as catastrophizing and the role of perceived control in the selection of pain coping strategies. The reviewed literature highlights how cognitive processes constitute a fundamental component of the pain experience, on a par with the sensory dimension, with relevant implications for the understanding and treatment of pain.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/113762