Individual housing of calves is a standard practice in dairy farming. Among the areas of public concern is the management of calves and their separation from their dams at birth, which affects and compromises the social credibility of the dairy industry. Prolonged cow-calf contact systems (referred to as cow-calf contact (CCC) in recent scientific literature) are seen as a viable alternative to conventional practices. CCC systems are gaining increasing interest from society, the scientific community, and farmers, and more and more farms are adopting variations of this system. CCC refers to an alternative system to the traditional one, in which calves are left for several weeks or months with their dams or with a cow acting as a nurse cow. Contact systems vary in terms of methods, duration, and separation procedures. CCC with the dams allows for the formation of the maternal bond and the expression of maternal behaviours. The objective of this thesis work was to describe a specific, particularly virtuous management of the CCC system, where the calf's time spent with the dam is adapted to the needs of the dyad, as is the subsequent gradual separation, which can extend up to the complete weaning of the calves. In this context, the purpose of this study was to identify affiliative behaviours and potential indicators useful for evaluating and describing the bond between the dam and the calf, as well as to assess the separation and the resulting behaviours in order to characterize the quality of the bond formed between the cow and the calf (bonding quality). In this study, 6 cow-calf dyads were monitored in a small farm setting in Trentino. Calves are managed in the same way, regardless of whether they are female or male. Data collection was direct on the farm (health status and qualitative behaviour assessment) and indirect through the use of a ReoLink camera positioned above the cow-calf contact area. The behaviour of each calf was extracted from the video recordings on days 4, 7, 14, and 30 from birth, at the following times: 8:00, 10:00, 15:00, and 17:00, for a total of four hours per day, using the BORIS software. To this end, the scan sampling method with 30-second intervals and a specifically developed ethogram were applied. The behaviours of interest were divided into: posture, active behaviour, and passive behaviour. "The results obtained are consistent with those of previous studies on the cow-calf contact (CCC) system. Calves broadly expressed behaviours associated with a positive emotional state, such as explore, social play, and locomotor play. Conversely, behaviours indicative of compromised welfare were either not observed or observed at low prevalences, for example: tongue movements, stereotypical object manipulation, and cross-sucking. From the results obtained, statistical inferences cannot be made; however, the uniqueness of the study contributes to providing descriptive information of significant interest to the scientific community in the field of CCC, where the aspects of characterization and individuality of management have not yet been examined in detail.
La stabulazione individuale dei vitelli è una pratica standard negli allevamenti da latte. Tra gli ambiti che destano preoccupazioni da parte dell'opinione pubblica c’è la gestione dei vitelli e la loro separazione alla nascita dalle madri, il che incide e compromette la credibilità sociale dell'industria lattiero-casearia. I sistemi di contatto prolungato vacca-vitello (denominati cow-calf contact (CCC) nella recente letteratura scientifica) sono visti come una valida alternativa alle pratiche convenzionali. I CCC stanno suscitando maggiore interesse da parte della società, della comunità scientifica e degli allevatori, sempre più aziende stanno adottando variazioni a questo sistema. Per CCC si intende un sistema alternativo al tradizionale, in cui i vitelli vengono lasciati per numerose settimane o mesi con le madri o con una vacca che funge da balia. I sistemi di contatto variano per modalità, durata e metodo di separazione. I CCC con le madri, consentono la formazione del legame materno e dell’espressione dei comportamenti materni. L’obiettivo del presente lavoro di tesi è stato quello di descrivere una specifica gestione del sistema CCC, particolarmente virtuosa, nella quale la permanenza del vitello con la madre viene adeguata alle necessità della coppia, così come la successiva graduale separazione che arriva anche fino al completo svezzamento dei vitelli. In questo contesto, lo scopo di questo studio era individuare i comportamenti affiliativi e i potenziali indicatori utili per analizzare e descrivere il legame tra vacca madre e vitello, la separazione e i comportamenti che ne derivano al fine di caratterizzare la qualità del legame che si forma tra vacca e vitello (qualità del bonding). In questo studio sono state monitorate 6 coppie vacca-vitello in una piccola realtà aziendale del Trentino. I vitelli vengono gestiti allo stesso modo, indistintamente dal sesso (se femmine o maschi). La raccolta dati è stata diretta in allevamento (stato di salute e valutazione del comportamento qualitativo) e indiretta attraverso l’uso di una telecamera ReoLink posizionata sopra l’area di contatto tra vacca e vitello. Il comportamento di ogni vitello è stato estratto dalle videoregistrazioni al giorno 4, 7, 14 e 30 dalla nascita, nei seguenti orari: 8:00, 10:00, 15:00, 17:00, per un totale di quattro ore giornaliere, utilizzando il software Boris. A tale fine è stato applicato il metodo dello scan sampling con intervalli di 30 secondi ed un etogramma sviluppato appositamente. I comportamenti di interesse sono stati distinti in: postura, atteggiamento attivo ed atteggiamento passivo. I risultati ottenuti rispecchiano quelli di altri studi sul CCC; i vitelli hanno ampliamente manifestato i comportamenti associati ad uno stato emotivo positivo, ad esempio: explore, social play e locomotor play. Al contrario, i comportamenti indicatori di uno stato di benessere alterato non sono stati osservati o sono stati osservati con basse prevalenze, ad esempio: tongue movements, stereotypical object manipulation e cross-sucking. Dai risultati emersi non si possono fare inferenze statistiche, tuttavia l’unicità dello studio contribuisce a fornire informazioni descrittive rilevanti per la comunità scientifica in ambito CCC, dove gli aspetti di caratterizzazione e individualità della gestione non sono ancora stati esaminati in dettaglio.
Contatto prolungato tra vacca e vitello: Studio osservazionale del comportamento dei vitelli in un allevamento di bovine da latte che applica una gestione di contatto e separazione personalizzato alla coppia
FERRARI, GAIA
2025/2026
Abstract
Individual housing of calves is a standard practice in dairy farming. Among the areas of public concern is the management of calves and their separation from their dams at birth, which affects and compromises the social credibility of the dairy industry. Prolonged cow-calf contact systems (referred to as cow-calf contact (CCC) in recent scientific literature) are seen as a viable alternative to conventional practices. CCC systems are gaining increasing interest from society, the scientific community, and farmers, and more and more farms are adopting variations of this system. CCC refers to an alternative system to the traditional one, in which calves are left for several weeks or months with their dams or with a cow acting as a nurse cow. Contact systems vary in terms of methods, duration, and separation procedures. CCC with the dams allows for the formation of the maternal bond and the expression of maternal behaviours. The objective of this thesis work was to describe a specific, particularly virtuous management of the CCC system, where the calf's time spent with the dam is adapted to the needs of the dyad, as is the subsequent gradual separation, which can extend up to the complete weaning of the calves. In this context, the purpose of this study was to identify affiliative behaviours and potential indicators useful for evaluating and describing the bond between the dam and the calf, as well as to assess the separation and the resulting behaviours in order to characterize the quality of the bond formed between the cow and the calf (bonding quality). In this study, 6 cow-calf dyads were monitored in a small farm setting in Trentino. Calves are managed in the same way, regardless of whether they are female or male. Data collection was direct on the farm (health status and qualitative behaviour assessment) and indirect through the use of a ReoLink camera positioned above the cow-calf contact area. The behaviour of each calf was extracted from the video recordings on days 4, 7, 14, and 30 from birth, at the following times: 8:00, 10:00, 15:00, and 17:00, for a total of four hours per day, using the BORIS software. To this end, the scan sampling method with 30-second intervals and a specifically developed ethogram were applied. The behaviours of interest were divided into: posture, active behaviour, and passive behaviour. "The results obtained are consistent with those of previous studies on the cow-calf contact (CCC) system. Calves broadly expressed behaviours associated with a positive emotional state, such as explore, social play, and locomotor play. Conversely, behaviours indicative of compromised welfare were either not observed or observed at low prevalences, for example: tongue movements, stereotypical object manipulation, and cross-sucking. From the results obtained, statistical inferences cannot be made; however, the uniqueness of the study contributes to providing descriptive information of significant interest to the scientific community in the field of CCC, where the aspects of characterization and individuality of management have not yet been examined in detail.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/114342