Plant-Based Milk in Italy: A Comparative Review of Health, Sustainability, and Economic Aspects

Interest in plant-based milk has increased substantially in Italy in recent years and is expected to continue growing. Italy has become one of the leading European markets for plant-based milk, driven by strong sales growth. This thesis aims to provide a comprehensive review of the literature on plant-based milk in Italy, focusing on market trends, the factors motivating consumers to purchase these products, and a comparison with cow's milk. The increasing demand for plant-based milk reflects rising consumer interest in sustainability, health considerations, and dietary choices. Among the various plant-based milk alternatives, soy, oat, and almond milk are the most popular products in the Italian market. Compared with cow's milk, plant-based milk is widely regarded as a more sustainable alternative because it has a lower environmental impact, particularly with respect to greenhouse gas emissions, land use, and water consumption, as well as supporting animal welfare. However, it differs from cow's milk in its nutritional composition, particularly in terms of essential nutrients, and fortification is often required to improve its nutritional profile. Therefore, plant-based milk is a particularly suitable alternative for individuals with health concerns such as lactose intolerance, cow's milk allergy, and hypercholesterolemia. Furthermore, it is designed to meet the dietary needs of individuals following vegan, vegetarian, or flexitarian diets. Lastly, current scientific evidence remains insufficient to establish an association between genetically modified organism (GMO) consumption and adverse human health effects. Concerns regarding GMO in soy are managed through product labelling and comply with EC regulations.