This thesis analyses the anticipatory criminal protection of the environment under European and Italian law, focusing on the development of European legislation and its implementation in the Italian legal system. In particular, Directive 2008/99/EC and Directive (EU) 2024/1203 are examined, highlighting their main innovations and critical aspects, as well as the role of the Treaty of Lisbon in strengthening the European Union’s criminal-law competences. The evolution of environmental criminal law in Italy is also examined, with particular attention to the reforms introduced to bring the domestic legal framework into line with European obligations. Particular attention is devoted to the anticipation of criminal protection in environmental law: the choice to intervene before the actual occurrence of environmental damage responds to the specific characteristics of the environment as a legal interest and to the difficulties in establishing causation that are inherent in environmental offences, but also raises significant issues in relation to the principle of offensiveness. The thesis therefore examines the relationship between the need for timely and effective environmental protection and the limits imposed by the fundamental principles of criminal law, identifying the selective anticipation of criminal protection as a possible means of achieving a balance between these interests.
La presente tesi analizza la tutela penale anticipata dell'ambiente nel diritto europeo e italiano, soffermandosi sull'evoluzione della normativa europea e sul suo recepimento nell'ordinamento italiano. In particolare, vengono esaminate la Direttiva 2008/99/CE e la Direttiva (UE) 2024/1203, evidenziandone le principali innovazioni e criticità, nonché il ruolo del Trattato di Lisbona nel rafforzamento delle competenze penali dell'Unione europea. Viene inoltre ricostruita l'evoluzione del diritto penale ambientale in Italia, con particolare attenzione alle riforme introdotte per armonizzare la disciplina interna agli obblighi europei. Particolare attenzione è dedicata all' anticipazione della tutela nel diritto ambientale: la scelta di intervenire prima della concreta verificazione del danno risponde alle peculiarità del bene ambiente e alle difficoltà di accertamento del nesso causale proprie dei reati ambientali, ma pone rilevanti questioni in rapporto al principio di offensività. La tesi esamina pertanto il rapporto tra l’esigenza di una tutela tempestiva ed effettiva dell’ambiente e i limiti posti dai principi fondamentali del diritto penale, individuando nella selettiva anticipazione della tutela una possibile soluzione di equilibrio.
La tutela penale anticipata dell'ambiente tra diritto europeo e italiano
SARTORE, GIULIA
2025/2026
Abstract
This thesis analyses the anticipatory criminal protection of the environment under European and Italian law, focusing on the development of European legislation and its implementation in the Italian legal system. In particular, Directive 2008/99/EC and Directive (EU) 2024/1203 are examined, highlighting their main innovations and critical aspects, as well as the role of the Treaty of Lisbon in strengthening the European Union’s criminal-law competences. The evolution of environmental criminal law in Italy is also examined, with particular attention to the reforms introduced to bring the domestic legal framework into line with European obligations. Particular attention is devoted to the anticipation of criminal protection in environmental law: the choice to intervene before the actual occurrence of environmental damage responds to the specific characteristics of the environment as a legal interest and to the difficulties in establishing causation that are inherent in environmental offences, but also raises significant issues in relation to the principle of offensiveness. The thesis therefore examines the relationship between the need for timely and effective environmental protection and the limits imposed by the fundamental principles of criminal law, identifying the selective anticipation of criminal protection as a possible means of achieving a balance between these interests.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/116456