In modern intensive peach growing, crop load regulation and biennial bearing control represent essential steps to ensure the profitability and economic sustainability of orchards. In the face of the limitations and high labor costs associated with manual thinning, as well as the limited availability of effective plant growth regulators for stone fruits, the use of formulations based on bioactive gibberellins (GA!) such as SevenGib® stands as an innovative and biocompatible alternative to modulate floral transition and return bloom. This thesis aims to elucidate the molecular and phenotypic dynamics associated with the exogenous application of SevenGib® in Prunus persica, evaluating the interaction between hormonal treatments and the initial crop load level (high vs. low). The experiment, conducted on palmette-trained trees at the Ragazzini farm in Faenza (RA), compared three active ingredient concentrations (30, 60, and 100 ppm) with an untreated control (UTC). The investigation integrated biometric and metameric surveys on current-year shoots, gene expression analysis via qRT-PCR on axillary buds at 30 and 60 days after treatment (90 and 120 DAFB), and phenotypic monitoring of return bloom in the following spring. Biometric results showed that the shoot elongation drive ceases within 90 DAFB, acting solely through the cell elongation of individual internodes without altering the total number of nodes. In the control plots, crop load stimulated elongation through endogenous pathways thanks to gibberellins exported by the seeds, whereas at the 100 ppm rate, receptor saturation abolished this gradient. On a phenotypic level, basal and median nodes (1–10) of 100ppm-treated shoots were almost entirely vegetative due to the initial hormonal action, while distal nodes (15–21) exhibited delayed flowering following the progressive metabolic clearance of the product. At the transcriptomic level, the analysis of the floral meristem identity gene PpAP1a at 120 DAFB established itself as the most robust and predictive marker of flowering intensity. In low-crop-load trees, the inhibition of PpAP1a and return bloom followed a linear, dose-dependent kinetic. Conversely, under high-crop-load conditions, the accumulation of endogenous gibberellins led to erratic responses and, at 100 ppm, induced a likely homeostatic reaction highlighted by the overexpression of nuclear repressors (PpDELLA1, PpDELLA2, PpDGYLA) and the PpGID1c receptor. In conclusion, SevenGib® represents a precision tool for the yield stabilization of peach trees, whose optimal efficacy is achieved by calibrating the dose according to the crop load present on the tree at the time of treatment and the pruning strategies to be applied on shoots for the following season.
Nella moderna peschicoltura intensiva, la regolazione della carica produttiva e il controllo dell'alternanza di produzione rappresentano passaggi essenziali per garantire la redditività e la sostenibilità economica degli impianti. A fronte dei limiti e degli elevati costi della manodopera per il diradamento manuale e della scarsa disponibilità di fitoregolatori efficaci per le drupacee, l’impiego di formulati a base di gibberelline bioattive (GA7), come il SevenGib®, si pone come un'alternativa innovativa e biocompatibile per modulare la transizione fiorale e il ritorno a fiore. Il presente lavoro di tesi si propone di chiarire le dinamiche molecolari e fenotipiche associate all'applicazione esogena di SevenGib® in Prunus persica, valutando l'interazione tra i trattamenti ormonali e il livello iniziale di carico fruttifero (alto vs basso). La sperimentazione, condotta su piante allevate a palmetta presso l’azienda agricola Ragazzini a Faenza (RA), ha previsto il confronto fra tre concentrazioni di principio attivo (30, 60 e 100 ppm) e un controllo non trattato (UTC, Untreated control). L'indagine ha integrato rilievi biometrici e metamerici sui germogli dell'anno, analisi di espressione genica mediante qRT-PCR su gemme ascellari a 30 e 60 giorni dal trattamento (90 e 120 giorni dopo la fioritura, GDF), e il monitoraggio fenotipico del ritorno a fiore nella primavera successiva. I risultati biometrici hanno evidenziato che la spinta all'allungamento dei germogli si esaurisce entro i 90 GDF, agendo unicamente sulla distensione cellulare dei singoli internodi senza modificare il numero totale di nodi. Nelle tesi di controllo, il carico fruttifero stimola l'allungamento per via endogena grazie alle gibberelline esportate dai semi, mentre alla dose di 100 ppm la saturazione recettoriale azzera tale gradiente. Sul piano fenotipico i nodi basali e mediani (1–10) dei rami trattati risultano quasi interamente vegetativi a causa dell'iniziale blocco ormonale, mentre i nodi distali (15–21) manifestano una fioritura tardiva a seguito della progressiva clearance metabolica del prodotto. A livello trascrittomico l'analisi del gene di identità del meristema fiorale PpAP1a a 120 GDF si è affermata come il marcatore più solido e predittivo dell'intensità di fioritura. Nelle piante a basso carico l'inibizione di PpAP1a e del ritorno a fiore segue una cinetica dose-dipendente lineare. Al contrario, in condizioni di alto carico, l'accumulo di gibberelline endogene genera risposte erratiche e induce a 100 ppm una reazione omeostatica, evidenziata dalla 6 sovraespressione dei repressori nucleari (PpDELLA1, PpDELLA2, PpDGYLA) e del recettore PpGID1c. In conclusione, SevenGib® si configura come uno strumento di precisione per la stabilizzazione produttiva del pesco, la cui efficacia ottimale si ottiene calibrando la dose sula base del carico di frutti presenti al momento del trattamento e della posizione dei futuri fiori/frutti lungo i germogli, anche in funzione della potatura.
Il controllo della fioritura in pesco: risposte trascrizionali e fenotipiche all'applicazione di gibberellina A7
RIZZARDI, GIANMARCO
2025/2026
Abstract
In modern intensive peach growing, crop load regulation and biennial bearing control represent essential steps to ensure the profitability and economic sustainability of orchards. In the face of the limitations and high labor costs associated with manual thinning, as well as the limited availability of effective plant growth regulators for stone fruits, the use of formulations based on bioactive gibberellins (GA!) such as SevenGib® stands as an innovative and biocompatible alternative to modulate floral transition and return bloom. This thesis aims to elucidate the molecular and phenotypic dynamics associated with the exogenous application of SevenGib® in Prunus persica, evaluating the interaction between hormonal treatments and the initial crop load level (high vs. low). The experiment, conducted on palmette-trained trees at the Ragazzini farm in Faenza (RA), compared three active ingredient concentrations (30, 60, and 100 ppm) with an untreated control (UTC). The investigation integrated biometric and metameric surveys on current-year shoots, gene expression analysis via qRT-PCR on axillary buds at 30 and 60 days after treatment (90 and 120 DAFB), and phenotypic monitoring of return bloom in the following spring. Biometric results showed that the shoot elongation drive ceases within 90 DAFB, acting solely through the cell elongation of individual internodes without altering the total number of nodes. In the control plots, crop load stimulated elongation through endogenous pathways thanks to gibberellins exported by the seeds, whereas at the 100 ppm rate, receptor saturation abolished this gradient. On a phenotypic level, basal and median nodes (1–10) of 100ppm-treated shoots were almost entirely vegetative due to the initial hormonal action, while distal nodes (15–21) exhibited delayed flowering following the progressive metabolic clearance of the product. At the transcriptomic level, the analysis of the floral meristem identity gene PpAP1a at 120 DAFB established itself as the most robust and predictive marker of flowering intensity. In low-crop-load trees, the inhibition of PpAP1a and return bloom followed a linear, dose-dependent kinetic. Conversely, under high-crop-load conditions, the accumulation of endogenous gibberellins led to erratic responses and, at 100 ppm, induced a likely homeostatic reaction highlighted by the overexpression of nuclear repressors (PpDELLA1, PpDELLA2, PpDGYLA) and the PpGID1c receptor. In conclusion, SevenGib® represents a precision tool for the yield stabilization of peach trees, whose optimal efficacy is achieved by calibrating the dose according to the crop load present on the tree at the time of treatment and the pruning strategies to be applied on shoots for the following season.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/116871