This bibliographical study analyses the topic of autism from the perspective of reciprocity, proposing an interpretation that moves beyond an approach centred exclusively on deficits. The aim is to reconstruct, through an analysis of the scientific literature, a framework that brings together the theoretical, emotional and communicative foundations of autism with their implications for educational practice. The first chapter traces the evolution of theoretical perspectives on autism, from the early descriptions by Kanner and Asperger up to the DSM-5-TR, exploring the constructs of empathy and social reciprocity and more recent perspectives, such as the Double Empathy Problem and the neurodiversity paradigm. The second chapter examines the role of the body, sensory experience and non-verbal communication in building relationships, analysing the concepts of affective attunement and intersubjectivity. The third chapter translates these theoretical foundations into the realm of educational intervention, examining strategies, the role of the educator and the limitations of current practice. The work highlights how reciprocity is not a skill to be measured unilaterally in a person with autism, but a quality of the relationship that involves those around them and which can be supported through person-centred educational practices.
Il presente lavoro, di natura bibliografica, analizza il tema dell'autismo a partire dal concetto di reciprocità, proponendo una lettura che superi l'approccio centrato esclusivamente sul deficit. L'obiettivo è ricostruire, attraverso l'analisi della letteratura scientifica, un percorso che unisca le basi teoriche, affettive e comunicative dell'autismo alle loro implicazioni per la pratica educativa. Il primo capitolo ripercorre l'evoluzione delle prospettive teoriche sull'autismo, dalle prime descrizioni di Kanner e Asperger fino al DSM-5-TR, approfondendo i costrutti di empatia e reciprocità sociale e le prospettive più recenti, come il Double Empathy Problem e il paradigma della neurodiversità. Il secondo capitolo esamina il ruolo del corpo, della sensorialità e della comunicazione non verbale nella costruzione della relazione, analizzando i concetti di sintonizzazione affettiva e intersoggettività. Il terzo capitolo traduce queste basi teoriche sul piano dell'intervento educativo, esaminando strategie, ruolo dell'educatore e limiti della pratica attuale. Il lavoro evidenzia come la reciprocità non sia una competenza da misurare unilateralmente nella persona autistica, ma una qualità della relazione che coinvolge chi le sta accanto e che può essere sostenuta attraverso pratiche educative centrate sulla persona.
Oltre il deficit: empatia, reciprocità e prospettive relazionali nelle persone con disturbo dello spettro autistico
GAZZOLA, ELISABETTA
2025/2026
Abstract
This bibliographical study analyses the topic of autism from the perspective of reciprocity, proposing an interpretation that moves beyond an approach centred exclusively on deficits. The aim is to reconstruct, through an analysis of the scientific literature, a framework that brings together the theoretical, emotional and communicative foundations of autism with their implications for educational practice. The first chapter traces the evolution of theoretical perspectives on autism, from the early descriptions by Kanner and Asperger up to the DSM-5-TR, exploring the constructs of empathy and social reciprocity and more recent perspectives, such as the Double Empathy Problem and the neurodiversity paradigm. The second chapter examines the role of the body, sensory experience and non-verbal communication in building relationships, analysing the concepts of affective attunement and intersubjectivity. The third chapter translates these theoretical foundations into the realm of educational intervention, examining strategies, the role of the educator and the limitations of current practice. The work highlights how reciprocity is not a skill to be measured unilaterally in a person with autism, but a quality of the relationship that involves those around them and which can be supported through person-centred educational practices.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/117007