This paper investigates how educating the habit of counterfactual thinking, imagining alternative scenarios, can improve cognitive flexibility and divergent thinking in children. The aim is to develop complex thinking, which includes the critical, the creative and the caring one, by looking beyond the surface of reality, through a co – constructed process inspired by Philosophy For Children. The current sociocultural context is characterized by questions that tend to provide convergent and ready – made answers; a progressive crisis of imagination is evident, affecting not only adults but also children during their developmental years. A lack of encouragement for generative questioning leads to a growing habit of passivity, that risk implying a single perspective of action and limiting potential trajectories in both decision-making and behaviour. Based on these premises, the project involved a fifth-grade primary school class in a series of nine sessions designed to promote deep, meaningful cognitive processes, using various stimuli to generate questions. The counterfactual dimension emerged as the imagination pushed into unrealized scenarios, devising unexplored viewpoints and asking “what if” questions regarding how events might have unfolded differently. This case study, conducted primarily through a qualitative approach, uses a mixed – methods design supported by quantitative data: the findings demonstrate that a targeted intervetion, integrated into an active, idea – driven pedagogical framework, can yield cognitive and reflective benefits. These benefits manifest as increased fluency, flexibility, originality, and elaboration in generating alternatives, as well as enhanced critical thinking skills. The promising results suggest that, in the long term, such an intervention would enable participants to guide their thinking, and consequently their choices and action, in a more conscious and effective manner.
L'elaborato indaga come educare l'abitudine a pensare in ottica controfattuale, immaginando scenari alternativi, possa potenziare la flessibilità cognitiva e l'attitudine divergente nei bambini. In questa prospettiva, lo scopo è sviluppare il pensiero complesso, che comprende il pensiero critico, creativo e caring, guardando alla profondità del reale, attraverso un processo co-costruito ispirato alla Philosophy For Children. L'attuale contesto socioculturale è caratterizzato da domande che tendono a fornire risposte convergenti e già pronte; in esso si osserva una progressiva crisi dell'immaginazione, non solo negli adulti, ma riguardante anche l’età evolutiva. La non sollecitazione di quesiti generativi comporta una crescente abitudine alla passività che rischia di implicare un'unica prospettiva di azione, limitando le potenziali traiettorie sia nello scegliere che nell’agire. A partire da queste premesse e motivazioni, il progetto ha coinvolto una classe Quinta Primaria in un percorso di nove incontri, volti a promuovere processi cognitivi profondi e significativi a partire da pretesti diversi, generanti domande. La dimensione controfattuale è emersa nel momento in cui l'immaginazione si è spinta dentro scenari non realizzati, ideando punti di vista inesplorati e chiedendosi cosa sarebbe successo se fosse andata diversamente. Tale studio di caso, sviluppato secondo un approccio prevalentemente qualitativo, si avvale di un disegno misto supportato da dati quantitativi che dimostrano come un percorso mirato e inserito in una didattica attiva e ideativa, può produrre benefici cognitivi e riflessivi, in termini di fluidità, flessibilità, originalità ed elaborazione nella generazione di alternative e capacità critica. I risultati emersi, già positivi e interessanti, permettono di affermare che in una prospettiva a lungo termine, l’intervento messo in atto porterebbe i partecipanti ad orientare in modo ancora migliore e più consapevole il proprio modo di pensare, e quindi di scegliere e di agire.
E se fosse andata diversamente? Educarsi insieme a costruire scenari alternativi per sviluppare il pensiero controfattuale. Studio di caso in una classe Quinta Primaria orientato dai principi della Philosophy For Children.
SCUCCHIARI, ANNA
2025/2026
Abstract
This paper investigates how educating the habit of counterfactual thinking, imagining alternative scenarios, can improve cognitive flexibility and divergent thinking in children. The aim is to develop complex thinking, which includes the critical, the creative and the caring one, by looking beyond the surface of reality, through a co – constructed process inspired by Philosophy For Children. The current sociocultural context is characterized by questions that tend to provide convergent and ready – made answers; a progressive crisis of imagination is evident, affecting not only adults but also children during their developmental years. A lack of encouragement for generative questioning leads to a growing habit of passivity, that risk implying a single perspective of action and limiting potential trajectories in both decision-making and behaviour. Based on these premises, the project involved a fifth-grade primary school class in a series of nine sessions designed to promote deep, meaningful cognitive processes, using various stimuli to generate questions. The counterfactual dimension emerged as the imagination pushed into unrealized scenarios, devising unexplored viewpoints and asking “what if” questions regarding how events might have unfolded differently. This case study, conducted primarily through a qualitative approach, uses a mixed – methods design supported by quantitative data: the findings demonstrate that a targeted intervetion, integrated into an active, idea – driven pedagogical framework, can yield cognitive and reflective benefits. These benefits manifest as increased fluency, flexibility, originality, and elaboration in generating alternatives, as well as enhanced critical thinking skills. The promising results suggest that, in the long term, such an intervention would enable participants to guide their thinking, and consequently their choices and action, in a more conscious and effective manner.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/118301