Introduction. Learning difficulties constitute a heterogeneous condition, within which Specific Learning Disorders (SLDs) represent a clinically defined subset. A wealth of evidence documents the role of spoken language in academic learning, a fact also recognised by the SLD Guidelines (ISS, 2022), which recommend that the assessment of academic skills be complemented by an assessment of language skills. The literature, however, is characterised by terminological inconsistency, which means that the differences between the linguistic profiles of the two groups remain largely unexplored, with findings that are sometimes contradictory regarding the linguistic domains most affected. Working hypothesis. This study aims to identify the linguistic components most severely impaired in individuals with learning difficulties and SLDs, with a view to guiding clinical assessment towards a more targeted and efficient approach. A further objective is to compare the linguistic performance of the two groups, analysing the differences in their respective linguistic profiles and examining these differences in relation to the school stage attended, in order to explore their possible evolution. Materials and methods. The study was conducted on a sample of 122 participants, of whom 83 had been diagnosed with a specific learning difficulty (SLD) and 39 had learning difficulties falling within the broad category of Special Educational Needs (SEN). For each participant, their medical records were examined, comprising personal and medical history details and a clinical report containing the results of cognitive assessment and detailed analysis of the main dimensions of spoken language (lexical-semantic, morphosyntactic and narrative) in terms of comprehension and production, as well as academic skills such as reading, writing and arithmetic. The extracted data were organised into a database and subjected to statistical analysis. Results. The performance of both groups remained in line with normative standards, with participants with SLDs performing below those with SEN in 11 of the 15 oral language tests examined. Statistically significant differences emerged in the parameters of narrative fluency, mean utterance length (MUL) and lexical informativeness, with lower values in the SLD group. Analysis by school stage reveals that, amongst primary school pupils, the significant differences are concentrated in narrative fluency and lexical informativeness, whilst amongst secondary school pupils they relate to MST. Conclusions. The results obtained highlight the importance of further investigating the assessment of oral language in individuals with learning difficulties and specific learning difficulties (SLD), with particular attention to narrative skills, which appear to be a significant element in characterising the linguistic profiles of the two groups. However, the limited availability of standardised tools for assessing oral narrative production within specific age groups restricts the possibility of examining these skills throughout the entire school career. Future research could explore narrative production through qualitative analyses, with a view to examining its characteristics in greater detail and contributing to a more detailed description of linguistic profiles. A further research perspective could involve longitudinal studies, aimed at clarifying the development of these skills over time and defining more precisely the differences between the linguistic profiles associated with learning difficulties and SLDs.
Introduzione. Le difficoltà di apprendimento costituiscono una condizione eterogenea, all'interno della quale i Disturbi Specifici dell'Apprendimento (DSA) rappresentano un sottoinsieme clinicamente definito. Numerose evidenze documentano il ruolo del linguaggio orale negli apprendimenti scolastici, riconosciuto anche dalle Linee Guida sui DSA (ISS, 2022), che raccomandano di affiancare alla valutazione delle abilità scolastiche quella delle competenze linguistiche. La letteratura, tuttavia, è caratterizzata da un'eterogeneità terminologica che rende ancora poco esplorate le differenze tra i profili linguistici dei due gruppi, con risultati talvolta discordanti rispetto ai domini linguistici maggiormente coinvolti. Ipotesi di lavoro. Il presente studio si propone di individuare le componenti linguistiche maggiormente compromesse nei soggetti con difficoltà di apprendimento e con DSA, al fine di orientare l’inquadramento clinico verso una valutazione più mirata ed efficiente. Un ulteriore obiettivo è confrontare le prestazioni linguistiche dei due gruppi, analizzando le differenze nei rispettivi profili linguistici e approfondendo tali differenze in relazione al ciclo scolastico frequentato, al fine di esplorarne la possibile evoluzione. Materiali e metodi. Lo studio è stato condotto su un campione di 122 soggetti, di cui 83 con diagnosi di DSA e 39 con difficoltà di apprendimento rientranti nella macrocategoria dei Bisogni Educativi Speciali (BES). Per ciascun soggetto è stata esaminata la relativa cartella clinica, comprendente dati anagrafici e anamnestici e una relazione clinica contenente gli esiti della valutazione cognitiva e degli approfondimenti relativi alle principali dimensioni del linguaggio orale (lessicale-semantica, morfosintattica e narrativa) in comprensione e produzione, e degli apprendimenti scolastici, quali lettura, scrittura e calcolo. I dati estratti sono stati organizzati in un database e sottoposti ad analisi statistica. Risultati. Le prestazioni di entrambi i gruppi si mantengono in linea con i parametri normativi, con performance inferiori nei soggetti con DSA rispetto ai BES in 11 delle 15 prove di linguaggio orale esaminate. Differenze statisticamente significative emergono nei parametri Fluenza narrativa, Lunghezza media dell’enunciato (LME) e Informatività lessicale, con valori inferiori nel gruppo DSA. L’analisi per ciclo scolastico rivela che nei partecipanti frequentanti la scuola primaria le differenze significative si concentrano su Fluenza narrativa e Informatività lessicale, mentre in quelli frequentanti la scuola secondaria riguardano la LME. Conclusioni. I risultati ottenuti evidenziano l’importanza di approfondire la valutazione del linguaggio orale nei soggetti con difficoltà di apprendimento e DSA, con particolare attenzione alle competenze narrative, che sembrano rappresentare un ambito sensibile nella caratterizzazione dei profili linguistici dei due gruppi. La disponibilità di strumenti standardizzati per la valutazione della produzione narrativa orale circoscritti a specifiche fasce di età limita, tuttavia, la possibilità di esaminare tali competenze lungo l’intero percorso scolastico. Future ricerche potrebbero approfondire la produzione narrativa attraverso analisi qualitative, al fine di esaminarne più nel dettaglio le caratteristiche e contribuire a una descrizione più articolata dei profili linguistici. Un’ulteriore prospettiva di ricerca potrebbe riguardare studi longitudinali, volti a chiarire l’evoluzione di tali competenze nel corso dello sviluppo e a definire più precisamente le differenze tra i profili linguistici associati alle difficoltà di apprendimento e ai DSA.
Studio retrospettivo di confronto dei profili linguistici in soggetti con difficoltà di apprendimento e Disturbo Specifico dell’Apprendimento
PAVANELLO, ILARIA
2025/2026
Abstract
Introduction. Learning difficulties constitute a heterogeneous condition, within which Specific Learning Disorders (SLDs) represent a clinically defined subset. A wealth of evidence documents the role of spoken language in academic learning, a fact also recognised by the SLD Guidelines (ISS, 2022), which recommend that the assessment of academic skills be complemented by an assessment of language skills. The literature, however, is characterised by terminological inconsistency, which means that the differences between the linguistic profiles of the two groups remain largely unexplored, with findings that are sometimes contradictory regarding the linguistic domains most affected. Working hypothesis. This study aims to identify the linguistic components most severely impaired in individuals with learning difficulties and SLDs, with a view to guiding clinical assessment towards a more targeted and efficient approach. A further objective is to compare the linguistic performance of the two groups, analysing the differences in their respective linguistic profiles and examining these differences in relation to the school stage attended, in order to explore their possible evolution. Materials and methods. The study was conducted on a sample of 122 participants, of whom 83 had been diagnosed with a specific learning difficulty (SLD) and 39 had learning difficulties falling within the broad category of Special Educational Needs (SEN). For each participant, their medical records were examined, comprising personal and medical history details and a clinical report containing the results of cognitive assessment and detailed analysis of the main dimensions of spoken language (lexical-semantic, morphosyntactic and narrative) in terms of comprehension and production, as well as academic skills such as reading, writing and arithmetic. The extracted data were organised into a database and subjected to statistical analysis. Results. The performance of both groups remained in line with normative standards, with participants with SLDs performing below those with SEN in 11 of the 15 oral language tests examined. Statistically significant differences emerged in the parameters of narrative fluency, mean utterance length (MUL) and lexical informativeness, with lower values in the SLD group. Analysis by school stage reveals that, amongst primary school pupils, the significant differences are concentrated in narrative fluency and lexical informativeness, whilst amongst secondary school pupils they relate to MST. Conclusions. The results obtained highlight the importance of further investigating the assessment of oral language in individuals with learning difficulties and specific learning difficulties (SLD), with particular attention to narrative skills, which appear to be a significant element in characterising the linguistic profiles of the two groups. However, the limited availability of standardised tools for assessing oral narrative production within specific age groups restricts the possibility of examining these skills throughout the entire school career. Future research could explore narrative production through qualitative analyses, with a view to examining its characteristics in greater detail and contributing to a more detailed description of linguistic profiles. A further research perspective could involve longitudinal studies, aimed at clarifying the development of these skills over time and defining more precisely the differences between the linguistic profiles associated with learning difficulties and SLDs.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/119303