ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Chronic non-specific low back pain is a complex, multifactorial clinical condition; it is widespread and has a great impact on the quality of life of its sufferers. The main symptoms of chronic low back pain are pain and disability. The management of contextual factors, with the aim of increasing the effectiveness of treatment of chronic LBP, is a strategy discussed in the literature. The context around the actual treatment is never neutral and is able to inducing placebo and nocebo effects based on expectation processes and forms of learning, such as to generate neuro-biological responses that may influence the clinical outcome. OBJECTIVES: This work consists of a literature review, aimed at investigating the influence of context in chronic low back pain and the role of placebo and nocebo effects in this regard. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The search was performed within the Medline database, through the PubMed search engine. Only English-language articles published between 2010 and 2022 were considered. No study design filters were applied, but only studies in patients with chronic LBP not related to severe disease were included. RESULTS: The search yielded 203 results, the selective process identified 6 eligible articles: two literature reviews, one meta-analysis, 3 RCTs and one randomised trial. DISCUSSION: Three out of nine clinical studies from the systematic review found a significant influence of placebo effects on pain intensity and four out of five clinical studies on disability resulting from chronic LBP. In addition, four experimental studies and one meta-analysis showed substantial evidence of the influence of placebo effects in chronic LBP. Four out of six studies included in the second review provided results in the same direction, as did the RCTs and the randomised clinical trial; one study showed that placebo effects affect pain, but not the objective variables of the disorder. The limitation of these studies relates to the fact that, despite the convincing results, it seems that the mechanisms on which the placebo effects are based have been tested on the healthy and are not necessarily transferable in the context of chronic pain, and some hypotheses that have been put forward in this regard need to be further investigated. CONCLUSIONS: although presenting some methodological flaws, the studies seem to confirm the significant influence of placebo effects and by extension of contextual factors in chronic LBP, supporting the hypothesis. Key words: low back pain, chronic pain, pain management, contextual factors, placebo effect, placebo response, placebo analgesia, nocebo effect.
RIASSUNTO INTRODUZIONE: la lombalgia cronica aspecifica è una condizione clinica complessa, multifattoriale, è molto diffusa e ha grande impatto sulla qualità di vita di chi ne soffre. I sintomi principali della lombalgia cronica sono il dolore e la disabilità. La gestione dei fattori contestuali, con lo scopo di aumentare l’efficacia dei trattamenti nel LBP cronico, è una strategia discussa in letteratura. Il contesto attorno al trattamento effettivo non è mai neutro ed è capace di indurre effetti placebo e nocebo basati su processi di aspettativa e forme di apprendimento, tali da generare risposte neuro-biologiche che possono influenzare l’esito clinico. OBIETTIVI: questo lavoro consiste in una revisione della letteratura, finalizzata ad indagare l’influenza del contesto nel dolore lombare cronico ed il ruolo degli effetti placebo e nocebo in merito. MATERIALI E METODI: la ricerca è stata effettuata all’interno della banca dati Medline, attraverso il motore di ricerca PubMed. Sono stati considerati solo gli articoli in lingua inglese, pubblicati tra il 2010 e il 2022. Non sono stati applicati filtri relativi al disegno di studio, ma sono stati inclusi solo studi svolti su pazienti con LBP cronico non riconducibile a patologie gravi. RISULTATI: la ricerca ha prodotto 203 risultati; al termine della selezione sono stati individuati 6 articoli eleggibili: due revisioni della letteratura, una metanalisi, 3 RCT ed uno studio randomizzato. DISCUSSIONE: tre studi clinici su nove, appartenenti alla revisione sistematica, hanno riscontrato un’influenza significativa degli effetti placebo sull’intensità del dolore e quattro studi clinici su cinque sulla disabilità derivante da LBP cronico. Inoltre, quattro studi sperimentali e una metanalisi hanno mostrato prove sostanziali dell’influenza degli effetti derivanti dal contesto nel LBP cronico. Quattro studi su sei inclusi nella seconda revisione hanno fornito risultati nella stessa direzione, così come gli RCT e lo studio clinico randomizzato; uno studio ha dimostrato che gli effetti placebo incidono sul dolore, ma non sulle variabili oggettive del disturbo. Il limite degli studi proposti è relativo al fatto che, nonostante i risultati convincenti, sembra che i meccanismi su cui si basano gli effetti placebo siano stati testati sul sano e non siano necessariamente trasferibili nell’ambito del dolore cronico ed è necessario approfondire alcune ipotesi che sono state avanzate a riguardo. CONCLUSIONI: pur presentando qualche difetto metodologico, gli studi sembrano confermare l’influenza significativa degli effetti placebo e per estensione dei fattori contestuali nel LBP cronico, avvalorando l’ipotesi. Parole chiave: low back pain, chronic pain, pain management, contextual factors, placebo effect, placebo response, placebo analgesia, nocebo effect
Influenza dei fattori contestuali nella lombalgia cronica: il ruolo degli effetti placebo e nocebo
BIDOIA, FEDERICO
2020/2021
Abstract
ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Chronic non-specific low back pain is a complex, multifactorial clinical condition; it is widespread and has a great impact on the quality of life of its sufferers. The main symptoms of chronic low back pain are pain and disability. The management of contextual factors, with the aim of increasing the effectiveness of treatment of chronic LBP, is a strategy discussed in the literature. The context around the actual treatment is never neutral and is able to inducing placebo and nocebo effects based on expectation processes and forms of learning, such as to generate neuro-biological responses that may influence the clinical outcome. OBJECTIVES: This work consists of a literature review, aimed at investigating the influence of context in chronic low back pain and the role of placebo and nocebo effects in this regard. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The search was performed within the Medline database, through the PubMed search engine. Only English-language articles published between 2010 and 2022 were considered. No study design filters were applied, but only studies in patients with chronic LBP not related to severe disease were included. RESULTS: The search yielded 203 results, the selective process identified 6 eligible articles: two literature reviews, one meta-analysis, 3 RCTs and one randomised trial. DISCUSSION: Three out of nine clinical studies from the systematic review found a significant influence of placebo effects on pain intensity and four out of five clinical studies on disability resulting from chronic LBP. In addition, four experimental studies and one meta-analysis showed substantial evidence of the influence of placebo effects in chronic LBP. Four out of six studies included in the second review provided results in the same direction, as did the RCTs and the randomised clinical trial; one study showed that placebo effects affect pain, but not the objective variables of the disorder. The limitation of these studies relates to the fact that, despite the convincing results, it seems that the mechanisms on which the placebo effects are based have been tested on the healthy and are not necessarily transferable in the context of chronic pain, and some hypotheses that have been put forward in this regard need to be further investigated. CONCLUSIONS: although presenting some methodological flaws, the studies seem to confirm the significant influence of placebo effects and by extension of contextual factors in chronic LBP, supporting the hypothesis. Key words: low back pain, chronic pain, pain management, contextual factors, placebo effect, placebo response, placebo analgesia, nocebo effect.The text of this website © Università degli studi di Padova. Full Text are published under a non-exclusive license. Metadata are under a CC0 License
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/11970