The enormous changes that have affected the food system today pose new problems and critical points to be resolved in order to ensure food safety. The latter can only be achieved by proper food production and handling practices, which together constitute a series of risk prevention and control measures. If these measures are not properly applied, food contaminated by various agents, physical, chemical and microbiological in nature, can cause a range of pathologies, which in some cases prove to be even lethal. In order to guarantee the safety of food, from the raw product to the packaged one that reaches the consumer's table, different strategies and methods have been developed over time to prevent contamination and to control the correctness of the operations carried out by the operators of the sector. Quality, in particular, plays a predominant role in the characteristics of a food product. In case of maize, one of the most important crops of our country, quality is represented by the absence of mycotoxins known as aflatoxins. The fungus Aspergillus flavus is the main responsible for the production of aflatoxins, considered among the most powerful natural hepatotoxic and mutagenic agents and proved to be carcinogenic both for human beings and for many animal species. As a consequence of the consumption of high quantities of contaminated maize, several adverse reactions have been observed in intensively reared animals such as poultry, pigs and cattle. Moreover, due to the carry over mechanism, aflatoxin B1 can be transferred as M1 metabolite into milk of animals fed with contaminated corn feed, posing a threat to human health. The contamination by aflatoxins can already occur in the field during the maturation of corn, especially when the crop is subject to water stress and high temperatures, conditions that allow Aspergillus flavus to grow and synthesize aflatoxins. Maintaining conditions suitable for the fungus can also increase the concentration of aflatoxins during storage and processing. For this reason, the optimization of cultivation techniques and post-harvest management are essential to obtain grain with minimum aflatoxin contamination. In short, it is necessary to deeply review the agro-technique, reprogramming the sowings and consequently the blooms through the study of the most suitable cultivation cycles, avoiding delays between threshing and drying, and implementing the selection of inputs and the consequent segregation, with the possible application of methods of decontamination and / or detoxification of lots according to the potential risk and / or the presence of the toxigenic fungus or mycotoxin.
Gli enormi cambiamenti che hanno interessato il sistema alimentare, pongono oggi nuovi problemi e punti critici da risolvere per garantire la sicurezza alimentare. Quest’ultima può essere ottenuta solo da pratiche adeguate di produzione e manipolazione degli alimenti, che nel loro insieme costituiscono una serie di misure di prevenzione e di controllo dei rischi. Se queste misure non sono applicate correttamente, gli alimenti contaminati da diversi agenti, di natura fisica, chimica e microbiologica, possono causare una serie di patologie, che in qualche caso si rivelano anche letali. Per garantire la sicurezza degli alimenti, a partire dal prodotto grezzo fino a quello confezionato che giunge sulla tavola dei consumatori, sono state messe a punto nel tempo diverse strategie e metodi di prevenzione delle contaminazioni e di controllo della correttezza delle operazioni svolte dagli operatori del settore. La qualità, in particolar modo, riveste un ruolo predominante nelle caratteristiche di un prodotto alimentare. Nel caso del mais, una delle colture più importanti del nostro paese, la qualità è rappresentata dall’assenza di micotossine note con il nome di aflatossine. Il fungo Aspergillus flavus è il principale responsabile della produzione di aflatossine, considerate tra i più potenti agenti naturali epatotossici e mutageni e dimostrate essere cancerogene sia per l’uomo che per diverse specie animali. Come conseguenza del consumo di elevate quantità di mais contaminato, sono state rilevate molteplici reazioni avverse in animali da allevamento intensivo quali pollame, suini e bovini. Inoltre, a causa del meccanismo di carry over, l’aflatossina B1 può trasferirsi sottoforma di metabolita M1 nel latte di animali allevati con mangimi a base di mais contaminato, costituendo una minaccia per la salute umana. La contaminazione da aflatossine può avvenire già in campo durante la maturazione del mais, soprattutto quando la coltura è soggetta a stress idrico e ad alte temperature, condizioni che permettono ad Aspergillus flavus di crescere e sintetizzare le aflatossine. Il mantenimento di condizioni idonee per il fungo possono far aumentare la concentrazione delle aflatossine anche nelle fasi di stoccaggio e durante i processi di trasformazione. Per questo motivo, l’ottimizzazione delle tecniche colturali e della gestione del post-raccolta sono fondamentali per ottenere granella con la minima contaminazione da aflatossina. In sintesi occorre rivedere profondamente l’agrotecnica, riprogrammando le semine e conseguentemente le fioriture attraverso lo studio dei cicli colturali più adatti, evitare ritardi tra la trebbiatura e l’essicazione, e attuare la selezione dei conferimenti e la conseguente segregazione, con eventuale applicazione di metodi di decontaminazione e/o detossificazione dei lotti in base al rischio potenziale e/o alla presenza del fungo tossigeno o della micotossina.
AFLATOSSINE NEL MAIS: FATTORI CHE FAVORISCONO LA CONTAMINAZIONE E STRATEGIE PER LA PREVENZIONE E RIDUZIONE DEL CONTENUTO DAL CAMPO AL POST-RACCOLTA
PANIZZOLO, JENNJ
2021/2022
Abstract
The enormous changes that have affected the food system today pose new problems and critical points to be resolved in order to ensure food safety. The latter can only be achieved by proper food production and handling practices, which together constitute a series of risk prevention and control measures. If these measures are not properly applied, food contaminated by various agents, physical, chemical and microbiological in nature, can cause a range of pathologies, which in some cases prove to be even lethal. In order to guarantee the safety of food, from the raw product to the packaged one that reaches the consumer's table, different strategies and methods have been developed over time to prevent contamination and to control the correctness of the operations carried out by the operators of the sector. Quality, in particular, plays a predominant role in the characteristics of a food product. In case of maize, one of the most important crops of our country, quality is represented by the absence of mycotoxins known as aflatoxins. The fungus Aspergillus flavus is the main responsible for the production of aflatoxins, considered among the most powerful natural hepatotoxic and mutagenic agents and proved to be carcinogenic both for human beings and for many animal species. As a consequence of the consumption of high quantities of contaminated maize, several adverse reactions have been observed in intensively reared animals such as poultry, pigs and cattle. Moreover, due to the carry over mechanism, aflatoxin B1 can be transferred as M1 metabolite into milk of animals fed with contaminated corn feed, posing a threat to human health. The contamination by aflatoxins can already occur in the field during the maturation of corn, especially when the crop is subject to water stress and high temperatures, conditions that allow Aspergillus flavus to grow and synthesize aflatoxins. Maintaining conditions suitable for the fungus can also increase the concentration of aflatoxins during storage and processing. For this reason, the optimization of cultivation techniques and post-harvest management are essential to obtain grain with minimum aflatoxin contamination. In short, it is necessary to deeply review the agro-technique, reprogramming the sowings and consequently the blooms through the study of the most suitable cultivation cycles, avoiding delays between threshing and drying, and implementing the selection of inputs and the consequent segregation, with the possible application of methods of decontamination and / or detoxification of lots according to the potential risk and / or the presence of the toxigenic fungus or mycotoxin.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
---|---|---|---|
TESI PANIZZOLO J.pdf
accesso riservato
Dimensione
1.61 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
1.61 MB | Adobe PDF |
The text of this website © Università degli studi di Padova. Full Text are published under a non-exclusive license. Metadata are under a CC0 License
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/32304