The environmental conditions can be considered as all the factors affecting the life of an individual. Both human activities and climate changes share the common potential of being dangerous in the short and the long period for many organisms. In this thesis study, we have investigated how some environmental factors affect the behavior of a small passerine bird, the Pied Flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca). More specifically, how these factors influence the parental care of each parent. The parental care effort has been measured as the hourly feeding rate of each adult to the nest and the coordination between the parents’ feeding trips. the feeding rate can be influenced by the quality of the territory and the availability of preys. Additionally, we have checked the effects of an experimental mate removal on the behavior of the remaining adult. The chosen environmental parameters are both natural and human related. The natural factors divide into values identical for all the nests in relation to the day of the parental care data recording, like temperature and precipitation, and spatial data which differs for every nest, like distance from the edge of the forest, tree leaves coverage, and distance from the nearest stream of water. Human related factors were represented by the distance from the main asphalted road, the distance from the secondary dirt roads, and the distance from the buildings. In addition to these, two breeding parameters were added: the hatching date and the brood size. We expect that flycatchers benefit from some of these factors like the proximity to the stream of water, a high tree leaves coverage, a further distance from the edge of the forest, and be disadvantage by the presence of buildings and roads. A higher brood size should require more visits while a later hatching date (late breeding) means prey of lower quality. Temperature and precipitation are more complex parameter to assess, having an optimal interval for every species and being harmful at both negative and positive extremes. The aim of this dissertation is to check which factors may affect the parental care. The results showed that many of these factors were associated with the observed level of parental care, mostly in the predicted way. Both female and male feeding rates were positively related to the brood size. While the female feeding rate was also positively related to the hatching date, the male feeding rate was positively related to the temperature and negatively by the distance from the main asphalted road. The total feeding was positively related to the brood size and the hatching date. Both parents increased their effort when they raised a large brood, confirming their response to brood’s need. Higher temperatures showed higher alternation score between adults. The results indicate that environmental factors influence the Pied Flycatcher parental care. As predicted, the female behavior was influenced by effectively limiting factors, thus remarking a strong resiliency. Male behavior was conversely influenced by more factors, also just influencing the male stress perception. Both parents anyway increased their effort when they raised a larger brood, confirming their primary purpose to raise the larger and healthier broods. The absence of effect on compensation confirms that in already harsh conditions, like raising a brood alone, the parental care is not affected by other stressful conditions. These results confirmed many studies done before, where it is explained that even if desertion is a rare condition in this species, the male is usually more prone to lower its effort when external conditions may impact the breeding success. The female, on the contrary, shows much more resiliency. It is of the utmost importance that the animal reactions to their environment changes are better understood, and to do that, it is important to analyze which factors have a stronger impact on the populations.
In questa tesi ho studiato la relazione tra alcuni fattori ambientali e lo sforzo parentale del maschio e della femmina in un piccolo uccello passeriforme, la balia nera (Ficedula hypoleuca). Come misura dello sforzo parentale, ho considerato il numero di visite al nido per portare cibo ai pulli (feeding rate), e ho registrato sia la frequenza oraria delle visite da parte di entrambi i genitori che la loro coordinazione. In aggiunta a ciò, ho verificato l’effetto della rimozione sperimentale temporanea di un genitore sul comportamento del partner. La quantità di cibo fornito ai piccoli al nido dipende dal feeding rate e se le condizioni ambientali (qualità e frequenza delle prede disponibili) non sono favorevoli, gli adulti possono esserne condizionati. Per questa ragione, nell’analisi del comportamento dei genitori, ho considerato anche alcuni parametri ambientali che possono esserne associati. Un fattore riguarda le condizioni meteorologiche presenti nell’area di studio nei giorni nei quali ho condotto le osservazioni: temperatura e precipitazioni. I caratteri relativi all’ambiente fisico nella vicinanza del nido: la distanza dal margine della foresta, il grado di copertura vegetale e la distanza dal corso d’acqua. E’ previsto che questi costituiscano un indice di buona qualità del territorio. Tra i fattori antropici ho considerato la distanza dalle strade (principale e secondarie) e la distanza dagli edifici, probabili indici di una ridotta qualità del territorio. In aggiunta, sono stati considerati la dimensione della covata al terzo giorno dopo la schiusa e la data di schiusa, dato che il numero di visite normalmente è maggiore quando la nidiata è più numerosa e le condizioni ambientali tendono a deteriorarsi con il procedere della stagione. Lo scopo di questa tesi è stato quello di valutare quali di questi fattori possano maggiormente influenzare le cure parentali. I risultati dimostrano che molti dei fattori ambientali considerati sono associati al feeding rate, nella maggior parte dei casi secondo quanto previsto teoricamente: ho trovato una correlazione positiva tra la dimensione della covata e il feeding rate sia del maschio che della femmina. Per altri parametri, la relazione trovata differisce tra i due sessi: ho osservato una relazione positiva tra feeding rate della femmina e data di schiusa, mentre il feeding rate del maschio è risultato positivamente correlato con la temperatura e con le precipitazioni del giorno precedente, e negativamente con la distanza dalla strada principale. I viaggi di imbeccata totali dei due genitori sono risultati correlati positivamente con la data di schiusa e la dimensioni della covata. Per ciò che riguarda il grado di coordinazione temporale della coppia nei viaggi di imbeccata, con maggiori temperature si è denotata una maggiore coordinazione della coppia. In contrasto con questi risultati, il feeding rate del genitore durante il periodo di rimozione sperimentale del partner non ha mostrato relazioni con nessuno dei parametri indagati. I risultati indicano che esiste una relazione tra fattori ambientali e cure parentali in balia nera. Il comportamento della femmina è stato influenzato da meno fattori rispetto al maschio, che si è dimostrato più influenzabile dalle condizioni ambientali. Entrambi i genitori hanno aumentato gli sforzi quando era presente una covata più grande, confermando il loro obiettivo primario di crescere i pulcini in buone condizioni. L’assenza di relazione tra fattori ambientali e feeding rate di compensazione conferma quanto, in condizioni particolarmente difficili, gli individui non risentano significativamente di ulteriori fattori ambientali. La coordinazione tra i genitori aumenta in condizioni favorevoli di temperatura, un risultato che suggerisce che le condizioni meteorologiche influiscano sulla capacità dei genitori di ottimizzare il loro sforzo parentale.
Environmental conditions and parental care in the Pied Flycatcher
CHIESURIN, LEONARDO
2021/2022
Abstract
The environmental conditions can be considered as all the factors affecting the life of an individual. Both human activities and climate changes share the common potential of being dangerous in the short and the long period for many organisms. In this thesis study, we have investigated how some environmental factors affect the behavior of a small passerine bird, the Pied Flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca). More specifically, how these factors influence the parental care of each parent. The parental care effort has been measured as the hourly feeding rate of each adult to the nest and the coordination between the parents’ feeding trips. the feeding rate can be influenced by the quality of the territory and the availability of preys. Additionally, we have checked the effects of an experimental mate removal on the behavior of the remaining adult. The chosen environmental parameters are both natural and human related. The natural factors divide into values identical for all the nests in relation to the day of the parental care data recording, like temperature and precipitation, and spatial data which differs for every nest, like distance from the edge of the forest, tree leaves coverage, and distance from the nearest stream of water. Human related factors were represented by the distance from the main asphalted road, the distance from the secondary dirt roads, and the distance from the buildings. In addition to these, two breeding parameters were added: the hatching date and the brood size. We expect that flycatchers benefit from some of these factors like the proximity to the stream of water, a high tree leaves coverage, a further distance from the edge of the forest, and be disadvantage by the presence of buildings and roads. A higher brood size should require more visits while a later hatching date (late breeding) means prey of lower quality. Temperature and precipitation are more complex parameter to assess, having an optimal interval for every species and being harmful at both negative and positive extremes. The aim of this dissertation is to check which factors may affect the parental care. The results showed that many of these factors were associated with the observed level of parental care, mostly in the predicted way. Both female and male feeding rates were positively related to the brood size. While the female feeding rate was also positively related to the hatching date, the male feeding rate was positively related to the temperature and negatively by the distance from the main asphalted road. The total feeding was positively related to the brood size and the hatching date. Both parents increased their effort when they raised a large brood, confirming their response to brood’s need. Higher temperatures showed higher alternation score between adults. The results indicate that environmental factors influence the Pied Flycatcher parental care. As predicted, the female behavior was influenced by effectively limiting factors, thus remarking a strong resiliency. Male behavior was conversely influenced by more factors, also just influencing the male stress perception. Both parents anyway increased their effort when they raised a larger brood, confirming their primary purpose to raise the larger and healthier broods. The absence of effect on compensation confirms that in already harsh conditions, like raising a brood alone, the parental care is not affected by other stressful conditions. These results confirmed many studies done before, where it is explained that even if desertion is a rare condition in this species, the male is usually more prone to lower its effort when external conditions may impact the breeding success. The female, on the contrary, shows much more resiliency. It is of the utmost importance that the animal reactions to their environment changes are better understood, and to do that, it is important to analyze which factors have a stronger impact on the populations.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/37601