The agricultural sector is constantly facing new preassures both in terms of crop quality and quantity and also in relation to the efficient use of resources. In this context, the application of various types of nets, aimed at protecting valuable crops, has often proven to be a successful practice and therefore is incresing worldwide. This study presents a complete microclimatic characterisation of a kiwi orchard located in Southern Italy. The purpose is to investigate the implications of the peculiar stratified structure of the orchard ecosystem on the daily changes of the micrometeorological variables, measured simultaneously and continuously for three summer days at three different heights (i.e. below the canopies, between the canopies and the net and, finally, above the net). In addition to the more conventional parameters, heat fluxes and CO2 fluxes were also quantified at each measurement level, using the eddy covariance technique. The results showed that the net modulates only slightly the energy and gas exchanges between the protected ecosystem and the atmosphere, ensuring a high degree of continuity between the physical, dynamic and compositional characteristics of the air in the two adjacent levels. In fact, for most of the variables investigated, the differences found between the two upper levels were less than 10%; however, with respect to wind speed, the air under the net showed values that were more than halved compared to those measured externally (the strong relationship identified is described by uin= 0.45uex - 0.07; R2=0.96). Instead, comparing the two lower levels, the results showed that the thick canopy layer is capable of maintaining internal microclimatic conditions that are substantially different from those found externally. Such evidence was consistent across all the micro-meteorological variables analysed. Heat flow measurements were carried out successfully only at the two upper levels, as adequate turbulence conditions existed only at these heights. Bowen Ratio values were below 0.1 for both levels and for most of the period analysed, indicating the predominance of latent heat fluxes over sensible heat fluxes. Finally, thanks to the energy balance closure analyses – which were described by y = 0.78x + 23.65 (R² = 0.90) and y = 0.76x + 16.50 (R² = 0.92) for the middle and upper levels, respectively - it was possible to conclude that the eddy covariance technique was performed correctly. Considering that the summers in this region tend to be dry and the species under consideration has high water requirements, one can conclude that the chosen orchard architecture likely has a positive impact on the cultivation of A. deliciosa and, in addition, could enhance water savings.
A fronte delle crescenti pressioni a cui è sottoposto il settore agricolo – sia in termini di qualità e quantità del raccolto che in relazione all’utilizzo intelligente delle risorse – l’impiego di varie tipologie di reti disposte a protezione delle colture di pregio si è rivelata una pratica per molti aspetti vincente e, perciò, sempre più diffusa. Questo studio presenta una caratterizzazione microclimatica completa di un frutteto di kiwi situato in sud Italia. L’obbiettivo è quello di investigare quali siano le implicazioni della peculiare struttura stratificata del sistema colturale sugli andamenti giornalieri delle variabili micrometeorologiche misurate – simultaneamente e continuativamente per tre giorni estivi – a tre differenti quote (e cioè al di sotto delle chiome, tra chiome e rete e, infine, al di sopra della rete). Oltre alle variabili più convenzionali, a ciascuna livello di misura sono stati quantificati anche i flussi di calore e i flussi di CO2 attraverso la tecnica dell’eddy covariance. I risultati hanno evidenziato che la rete, modulando solo leggermente gli scambi energetici e gassosi tra l’ecosistema interno e l’atmosfera, garantisce un elevato grado di continuità tra le caratteristiche fisiche, dinamiche e composizionali dell’aria presente nei due ambienti aerei ad essa adiacenti. Infatti, per la maggior parte delle variabili investigate, le differenze riscontrate tra i due livelli superiori sono risultate inferiori al 10%; tuttavia, rispetto alla velocità del vento, l’aria interna ha mostrato valori più che dimezzati rispetto a quella misurata esternamente (la forte relazione individuata è descritta da uin= 0.45uex - 0.07; R2=0.96). Tra i due livelli inferiori invece, i risultati hanno mostrato come lo spesso strato delle chiome sia in grado di mantenere condizioni microclimatiche interne estremamente differenti da quelle presenti esternamente; ciò è stato appurato relativamente a tutte le variabili micrometeorologiche analizzate. Le misure dei flussi di calore sono state condotte con successo solamente ai due livelli superiori, in quanto solo a queste quote sussistevano condizioni di turbolenza adeguate. I valori di Bowen Ratio sono risultati inferiori a 0.1 per entrambi i livelli e per la maggior parte del periodo analizzato, indicando la preponderanza del flusso di calore latente rispetto a quello di calore sensibile. Infine, grazie alle analisi della chiusura del bilancio energetico – descritte da y = 0.78x + 23.65 (R² = 0.90) e da y = 0.76x + 16.50 (R² = 0.92), rispettivamente per il livello intermedio e per il livello superiore – si è potuto appurare che l’eddy covariance è stata performata correttamente. Considerando che le estati di questa regione sono tendenzialmente secche e che la specie in esame ha elevate esigenze idriche, si conclude che la scelta impiantistica qui adottata ha, con molte probabilità, delle ripercussioni positive sulla coltivazione di A. deliciosa e, inoltre, potrebbe favorire un utilizzo più efficiente della risorsa idrica.
Analisi degli scambi di materia ed energia tra un frutteto di actinidia coperto da rete e l'atmosfera in Sud Italia
FREO, LEONARDO
2021/2022
Abstract
The agricultural sector is constantly facing new preassures both in terms of crop quality and quantity and also in relation to the efficient use of resources. In this context, the application of various types of nets, aimed at protecting valuable crops, has often proven to be a successful practice and therefore is incresing worldwide. This study presents a complete microclimatic characterisation of a kiwi orchard located in Southern Italy. The purpose is to investigate the implications of the peculiar stratified structure of the orchard ecosystem on the daily changes of the micrometeorological variables, measured simultaneously and continuously for three summer days at three different heights (i.e. below the canopies, between the canopies and the net and, finally, above the net). In addition to the more conventional parameters, heat fluxes and CO2 fluxes were also quantified at each measurement level, using the eddy covariance technique. The results showed that the net modulates only slightly the energy and gas exchanges between the protected ecosystem and the atmosphere, ensuring a high degree of continuity between the physical, dynamic and compositional characteristics of the air in the two adjacent levels. In fact, for most of the variables investigated, the differences found between the two upper levels were less than 10%; however, with respect to wind speed, the air under the net showed values that were more than halved compared to those measured externally (the strong relationship identified is described by uin= 0.45uex - 0.07; R2=0.96). Instead, comparing the two lower levels, the results showed that the thick canopy layer is capable of maintaining internal microclimatic conditions that are substantially different from those found externally. Such evidence was consistent across all the micro-meteorological variables analysed. Heat flow measurements were carried out successfully only at the two upper levels, as adequate turbulence conditions existed only at these heights. Bowen Ratio values were below 0.1 for both levels and for most of the period analysed, indicating the predominance of latent heat fluxes over sensible heat fluxes. Finally, thanks to the energy balance closure analyses – which were described by y = 0.78x + 23.65 (R² = 0.90) and y = 0.76x + 16.50 (R² = 0.92) for the middle and upper levels, respectively - it was possible to conclude that the eddy covariance technique was performed correctly. Considering that the summers in this region tend to be dry and the species under consideration has high water requirements, one can conclude that the chosen orchard architecture likely has a positive impact on the cultivation of A. deliciosa and, in addition, could enhance water savings.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/40594