In recent years, the impact of anthropogenic chemical pollution on ecosystems has acquired increasing interest from the scientific community. In this regard, Antarctica, thanks to its isolation, is considered an "irreplaceable natural laboratory", being the only not constantly anthropized continent, therefore subject to scarce local sources of pollution, but to relatively high loads of contaminants from other areas. In particular, per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), as emerging pollutants, are of particular concern due to their increasingly widespread industrial applications, aptitude for transport, bioaccumulation, environmental persistence, and potential toxicity. For this purpose, the "AntaGPS" research project, funded by the PRNA, within which this thesis is inserted, uses Antarctica as a global pollution sensor and its endemic organisms as bioindicators. Specifically, the analysis of mRNA accumulation (by RT-PCR) allowed us to evaluate the gene expression at the transcriptional level of various isoforms of SOD (1 and 2) and GPx (1 and 4), in different organs of two species of Antarctic fish. In Pagothenia borchgrevinki, the highest expression of all antioxidant enzymes was measured in liver and heart, where the most expressed gene is that coding for the mitochondrial enzyme SOD2, while in skeletal muscles (both white and red), with the lowest gene expression, the more expressed isoform is the cytoplasmic SOD1. In Trematomus newnesi, the kidney always shows a higher level of expression than the liver, for each antioxidant enzyme, but the most expressed is SOD1. In this species, mRNA levels were also assessed in fish exposed to 1.5 μg/L of PFOA for 10 days. In the liver, the treatment induced an increase in gene expression for all the enzymes considered (especially of GPx4), while in the kidney a general decrease (especially of SOD1). The obtained results constitute a starting point for using the expression of antioxidant enzymes as biomarkers, both of oxidative stress and exposure to PFAS, using notothenioids as bioindicators in future biomonitoring campaigns on the Antarctic marine environment. It would be appropriate in the future to expand the number of organs and the type of antioxidant enzymes tested, also integrating cellular analysis with biochemical assays, such as the quantification of the content of ROS or of the active protein in the tissue.
Negli ultimi anni, l’impatto dell'inquinamento chimico di origine antropica sugli ecosistemi ha suscitato un crescente interesse da parte della comunità scientifica. A tal proposito, l’Antartide, grazie al suo isolamento, è considerato un " insostituibile laboratorio naturale", essendo l’unico continente non costantemente antropizzato, soggetto quindi a scarse fonti locali di inquinamento, ma a relativamente alti carichi di contaminanti provenienti da altre zone. In particolare, le sostanze per- e poli- fluoroalchiliche (PFAS), come inquinanti emergenti, suscitano particolare preoccupazione a causa delle loro sempre più diffuse applicazioni industriali, attitudine al trasporto, al bioaccumulo, persistenza ambientale, e potenziale tossicità. A tal fine, il progetto di ricerca “AntaGPS”, finanziato dal PRNA, all’interno del quale si inserisce il presente lavoro di tesi, utilizza l'Antartide come sensore dell’inquinamento globale ed i suoi organismi endemici come bioindicatori. Nello specifico, l'analisi dell'accumulo di mRNA (tramite RT-PCR) ci ha permesso di valutare l'espressione genica a livello trascrizionale di varie isoforme di SOD (1 e 2) e GPx (1 e 4), in diversi organi di due specie di pesci antartici. In Trematomus borchgrevinki, la più alta espressione di tutti gli enzimi antiossidanti è stata misurata nel fegato e nel cuore, dove il gene più espresso è quello codificante per l'enzima mitocondriale SOD2, mentre nei muscoli scheletrici (bianco e rosso), con espressione genica più bassa, l'isoforma più espressa è la citoplasmatica SOD1. In Trematomus newnesi, il rene mostra sempre un livello di espressione più elevato rispetto al fegato, per ciascun enzima antiossidante, ma il più espresso è SOD1. In questa specie, i livelli di mRNA sono stati valutati anche in pesci esposti a 1,5 μg/l di PFOA per 10 giorni. Nel fegato, il trattamento ha indotto un aumento dell'espressione genica per tutti gli enzimi considerati (soprattutto di GPx4), mentre nel rene una diminuzione generale (soprattutto di SOD1). I risultati ottenuti costituiscono un punto di partenza per utilizzare l'espressione di enzimi antiossidanti come biomarker, sia di stress ossidativo che di esposizione a PFAS, utilizzando i nototenioidei come bioindicatori in future campagne di biomonitoraggio sull'ambiente marino antartico. Sarebbe in futuro opportuno ampliare il numero di organi e il tipo di enzimi antiossidanti testati, integrando anche l'analisi cellulare con saggi biochimici, come la quantificazione del contenuto di ROS o della proteina attiva nel tessuto.
Are Antarctic fish adapted to face global changes? A study on antioxidant enzymes gene expression in two species from Ross Sea, in environmental natural conditions or exposed to PFOA pollution.
PACCHINI, SARA
2021/2022
Abstract
In recent years, the impact of anthropogenic chemical pollution on ecosystems has acquired increasing interest from the scientific community. In this regard, Antarctica, thanks to its isolation, is considered an "irreplaceable natural laboratory", being the only not constantly anthropized continent, therefore subject to scarce local sources of pollution, but to relatively high loads of contaminants from other areas. In particular, per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), as emerging pollutants, are of particular concern due to their increasingly widespread industrial applications, aptitude for transport, bioaccumulation, environmental persistence, and potential toxicity. For this purpose, the "AntaGPS" research project, funded by the PRNA, within which this thesis is inserted, uses Antarctica as a global pollution sensor and its endemic organisms as bioindicators. Specifically, the analysis of mRNA accumulation (by RT-PCR) allowed us to evaluate the gene expression at the transcriptional level of various isoforms of SOD (1 and 2) and GPx (1 and 4), in different organs of two species of Antarctic fish. In Pagothenia borchgrevinki, the highest expression of all antioxidant enzymes was measured in liver and heart, where the most expressed gene is that coding for the mitochondrial enzyme SOD2, while in skeletal muscles (both white and red), with the lowest gene expression, the more expressed isoform is the cytoplasmic SOD1. In Trematomus newnesi, the kidney always shows a higher level of expression than the liver, for each antioxidant enzyme, but the most expressed is SOD1. In this species, mRNA levels were also assessed in fish exposed to 1.5 μg/L of PFOA for 10 days. In the liver, the treatment induced an increase in gene expression for all the enzymes considered (especially of GPx4), while in the kidney a general decrease (especially of SOD1). The obtained results constitute a starting point for using the expression of antioxidant enzymes as biomarkers, both of oxidative stress and exposure to PFAS, using notothenioids as bioindicators in future biomonitoring campaigns on the Antarctic marine environment. It would be appropriate in the future to expand the number of organs and the type of antioxidant enzymes tested, also integrating cellular analysis with biochemical assays, such as the quantification of the content of ROS or of the active protein in the tissue.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/40596