Apple crop load management is a primary element in defining optimal fruit quality and yield, and it depends on several endogenous and exogenous factors. Physiological fruit drop (also called ‘june drop’) is a process that occurs in the apple tree after fruit set, whose intensity is not usually sufficient for the crop load to reduce in an optimal way, that is why apple thinning is necessary. Among the different apple thinning techniques, chemical thinning is currently the most important and convenient one. Chemical thinning is achieved by applying thinning agents on the apple trees in order to reduce their crop load at an optimal level. Three different chemical thinners were tested in our study: Brevis® (a photosynthesis inhibitor), Brancher Dirado (based on the cytokinin 6-benzyladenine, BA) and an experimental product based on ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate, the ethylene precursor). We assessed both the thinning efficacy and the effects on fruit quality of the three different chemical thinners. Our studies took place at two different places: at the University of Padua experimental farm “Lucio Toniolo” and at the “Edmund Mach Foundation” in the Trentino region. Thinners were tested on three different Golden Delicious training systems: spindle, bibaum and four-axis. The corymbs hierarchy index (Ih) was calculated before the treatments and then we proceeded by consulting two different decision support systems (BreviSmart® and BrevisPred) in order to choose the optimal time of application of Brevis®. Leaf fluorescence as well as fruit growth and fruit drop have been monitored during the months after the treatments. Moreover, a qualitative analysis was carried out on the fruit at harvest. Generally, the fruit drop induced by the Brevis® treatment was excessive and caused overthinning, probably due to the weather conditions that occurred during the first days after the treatment. Conversely, ACC and BA caused low levels of fruit drop. The Brevis® treatment had a relevant effect on fruit quality parameters, while BA and especially ACC did not. The BrevisPred model produces its predictions on Brevis® efficacy by taking into account the corymb hierarchy, while BreviSmart® is based upon an algorithm that considers mainly weather conditions and the average diameter of the king fruits. The BrevisPred predictions were considerably more accurate than the BreviSmart® ones. Further studies must be conducted to verify these models’ accuracy in the future, preferably merging them into a single DSS. The low efficacy of the thinners ACC and BA could be explained by the spring weather conditions that did not help the thinners in stressing the apple trees. BA is known to be an effective chemical thinner and it is extensively used, while ACC is still an experimental product that needs further studies aimed at verifying its efficacy and selectivity.
Il carico fruttifero è una misura della produttività di un singolo albero o di un frutteto, ed è definito come la quantità di frutta prodotta da ogni pianta. Nel melo, la sua regolazione è fondamentale al fine di ottenere una resa e una qualità del prodotto ottimale alla raccolta. Il carico fruttifero dipende da molteplici fattori, sia endogeni, sia esogeni. In seguito all’allegagione, nel melo avviene il fenomeno della cascola fisiologica, o ‘june drop’, per il quale una parte dei frutticini appena formatisi si distaccano dall’albero in seguito ad abscissione. Normalmente l’intensità di questo fenomeno non è sufficiente a garantire una diminuzione ottimale del carico fruttifero, per questo motivo è necessario mettere in atto il diradamento. Fra le varie tipologie di diradamento, attualmente, la più importante ed economicamente conveniente è quella del diradamento chimico tramite prodotti che favoriscano il fenomeno della cascola fisiologica e ottimizzino il carico fruttifero. Nelle sperimentazioni prese in oggetto da questo elaborato sono stati impiegati tre diversi prodotti diradanti di sintesi: i prodotti commerciali Brevis®, un inibitore della fotosintesi, e Brancher Dirado, una citochinina, ai quali si è aggiunto un formulato sperimentale a base di ACC (1-amminociclopropano-1-carbossilato), precursore dell’etilene. I tre trattamenti, assieme ad un gruppo di alberi di controllo, sono stati valutati e fra di loro comparati, in relazione all’efficacia diradante e al loro effetto sui principali parametri qualitativi delle mele alla raccolta. Le prove si sono svolte presso l’Azienda Agraria Sperimentale “Lucio Toniolo” dell’Università degli Studi di Padova e a Maso delle Part, nel centro aziendale sperimentale della Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM) situato nei pressi di Mezzolombardo (TN). Le sperimentazioni sono state effettuate sulla varietà Golden Delicious e hanno coinvolto tre diverse forme di allevamento: fusetto, biasse e quadriasse. Prima di effettuare i trattamenti diradanti sono stati calcolati gli indici di gerarchia (Ih) dei corimbi selezionati e sono stati consultati i modelli previsionali BreviSmart® e BrevisPred, i quali sono finalizzati ad indicare il momento più opportuno per effettuare l’applicazione del Brevis® in modo da ottimizzarne l’efficacia diradante evitando il sovradiradamento. Durante la stagione sono stati monitorati la fluorescenza fogliare, l’accrescimento dei frutticini e gli eventi di cascola a cui quest’ultimi sono stati soggetti. Alla raccolta si sono svolte le analisi qualitative volte a misurare i principali parametri di maturazione dei frutti. La cascola indotta dal diradante Brevis®, a causa dalle peculiari condizioni climatiche verificatesi in seguito alla sua applicazione si è rivelata generalmente eccessiva, causando sovradiradamento. Al contrario, l’ACC e la BA hanno tendenzialmente causato un basso livello di diradamento. Gli indici qualitativi alla raccolta sono stati altamente influenzati dal trattamento con Brevis® e in misura minore anche dalla BA, mentre l’ACC non ha pressoché mai fatto rilevare valori diversi dal controllo non trattato. Il modello BrevisPred, il quale produce le proprie previsioni basandosi sulla gerarchia dei corimbi, nelle nostre sperimentazioni si è rivelato più accurato di BreviSmart®, algoritmo che considera parametri meteorologici e il diametro medio dei frutti centrali. Ad ogni modo, si prospetta la possibilità di accorpare i due modelli e verificarne l’accuratezza delle previsioni in future sperimentazioni. I bassi livelli di cascola generalmente indotti dall’ACC e in parte anche dalla BA possono essere conseguenza di condizioni climatiche primaverili subottimali, un’errata scelta dell’epoca di applicazione o di peculiarità degli alberi al momento del trattamento.
Valutazione comparativa degli effetti di tre agenti diradanti in melo
IORI, GUIDO
2022/2023
Abstract
Apple crop load management is a primary element in defining optimal fruit quality and yield, and it depends on several endogenous and exogenous factors. Physiological fruit drop (also called ‘june drop’) is a process that occurs in the apple tree after fruit set, whose intensity is not usually sufficient for the crop load to reduce in an optimal way, that is why apple thinning is necessary. Among the different apple thinning techniques, chemical thinning is currently the most important and convenient one. Chemical thinning is achieved by applying thinning agents on the apple trees in order to reduce their crop load at an optimal level. Three different chemical thinners were tested in our study: Brevis® (a photosynthesis inhibitor), Brancher Dirado (based on the cytokinin 6-benzyladenine, BA) and an experimental product based on ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate, the ethylene precursor). We assessed both the thinning efficacy and the effects on fruit quality of the three different chemical thinners. Our studies took place at two different places: at the University of Padua experimental farm “Lucio Toniolo” and at the “Edmund Mach Foundation” in the Trentino region. Thinners were tested on three different Golden Delicious training systems: spindle, bibaum and four-axis. The corymbs hierarchy index (Ih) was calculated before the treatments and then we proceeded by consulting two different decision support systems (BreviSmart® and BrevisPred) in order to choose the optimal time of application of Brevis®. Leaf fluorescence as well as fruit growth and fruit drop have been monitored during the months after the treatments. Moreover, a qualitative analysis was carried out on the fruit at harvest. Generally, the fruit drop induced by the Brevis® treatment was excessive and caused overthinning, probably due to the weather conditions that occurred during the first days after the treatment. Conversely, ACC and BA caused low levels of fruit drop. The Brevis® treatment had a relevant effect on fruit quality parameters, while BA and especially ACC did not. The BrevisPred model produces its predictions on Brevis® efficacy by taking into account the corymb hierarchy, while BreviSmart® is based upon an algorithm that considers mainly weather conditions and the average diameter of the king fruits. The BrevisPred predictions were considerably more accurate than the BreviSmart® ones. Further studies must be conducted to verify these models’ accuracy in the future, preferably merging them into a single DSS. The low efficacy of the thinners ACC and BA could be explained by the spring weather conditions that did not help the thinners in stressing the apple trees. BA is known to be an effective chemical thinner and it is extensively used, while ACC is still an experimental product that needs further studies aimed at verifying its efficacy and selectivity.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/42987