The following work aims to analyze the events that took place in the Mediterranean waters between the end of October 2022 and mid-November 2022 and that involved the NGOs Sos Mediterranée, Sos Humanity and Doctors Without Borders, the corresponding humanitarian ships and national institutions of some Community countries, including in the foreground Italy and France. The events will be analyzed in the context of the prohibition of torture, inhuman and degrading treatment with the purpose of highlighting whether there is or not a violation of this prohibition. At a later stage, the responsibilities of the actors involved will be analyzed on the basis of the relevant international and regional conventions. The prohibition of torture first appeared in the international context following the horrors of World War II, the international community in 1948 decided to draft the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to recognize all those rights that protect human dignity and integrity. This document inspired subsequent regional instruments to protect human rights; in the European context, the prohibition of torture, inhuman and degrading treatment is guaranteed by Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. Despite the existence of multiple instruments to prevent and control the prohibition of torture, inhuman and degrading treatment, they have not yet disappeared from the world scene and some cases closely concern the migration crisis in the Mediterranean Sea, bringing Italy often to the center of these events. Between October and November 2022 some NGO rescue ships at sea, including Ocean Viking, Geo Barents and Humanity 1, were the protagonists of events that have shaken the balance of European migration agreements, and where the rights of migrants themselves have possibly incurred in violations of conventions against torture, inhuman and degrading treatment. Among the objectives of this thesis are to investigate whether these violations have taken place and to what extent, to analyze whether the conditions of migrants and the specific political choices of Italy and France have been illegal. It will also be examined whether the European regulatory system in this area leaves too much room for interpretation and whether this gives the Member States the opportunity to circumvent or evade what the European Conventions provide.
Il seguente lavoro si prefigge l’obiettivo di analizzare le vicende che hanno avuto luogo nelle acque mediterranee tra la fine di ottobre 2022 e la metà di novembre 2022 e che hanno visto coinvolte le ONG Sos Mediterranée , Sos Humanity, e Medici Senza Frontiere, le corrispettive navi umanitarie e le istituzioni nazionali di alcuni Paesi comunitari, tra cui in primo piano Italia e Francia. Le vicende verranno analizzate nel quadro del divieto di tortura, trattamenti inumani e degradanti con l’obiettivo di mettere in luce se vi esista una violazione di tale divieto, e in un secondo momento si analizzeranno le responsabilità degli attori coinvolti sulla base delle convenzioni internazionali e regionali concernenti la materia. Il divieto di tortura è comparso nel contesto internazionale per la prima volta in seguito agli orrori della seconda guerra mondiale, la comunità internazionale nel 1948 ha deciso di elaborare la Dichiarazione Universale dei Diritti dell’Uomo, per riconoscere tutti quei diritti a protezione della dignità ed integrità umana. Questo documento è stato d’ispirazione per i successivi strumenti regionali a protezione dei diritti umani; nel contesto europeo, il divieto di tortura, trattamenti inumani e degradanti viene inserito, difatti all’articolo 3 della Convenzione europea dei Diritti dell’Uomo e delle Libertà Fondamentali. Nonostante l’esistenza di molteplici strumenti a prevenzione e controllo del divieto di tortura, trattamenti inumani e degradanti , essi non sono ancora scomparsi dal panorama mondiale e alcuni casi riguardano da vicino la crisi migratoria nel Mar Mediterraneo, portando l’Italia spesso al centro di queste vicende. Tra ottobre e novembre del 2022 alcune navi ONG di soccorso in mare, tra cui Ocean Viking, Geo Barents e Humanity 1 sono state protagoniste di vicende che hanno fatto vacillare gli equilibri di accordi migratori europei, e dove i diritti degli stessi migranti hanno possibilmente incorso in violazioni delle convenzioni contro la tortura, trattamenti inumàni e degradanti. Tra gli obiettivi di questa tesi vi sono quelli di ricercare se queste violazioni hanno avuto luogo e in quale misura, di analizzare se le condizioni dei migranti e le scelte politiche nello specifico di Italia e Francia abbiano costituito illeciti. Inoltre si cercherà di comprendere se il sistema normativo europeo concernente la materia, lasci eccessivo spazio di interpretazione e questo dia modo agli Stati di aggirare o sottrarsi a quanto le Convenzioni europee dispongano.
Il divieto di tortura e trattamenti inumani nel quadro della crisi migratoria nel Mediterraneo: i casi Ocean Viking, Humanity 1 e Geo Barents.
ION, MINODORA STEFANIA
2022/2023
Abstract
The following work aims to analyze the events that took place in the Mediterranean waters between the end of October 2022 and mid-November 2022 and that involved the NGOs Sos Mediterranée, Sos Humanity and Doctors Without Borders, the corresponding humanitarian ships and national institutions of some Community countries, including in the foreground Italy and France. The events will be analyzed in the context of the prohibition of torture, inhuman and degrading treatment with the purpose of highlighting whether there is or not a violation of this prohibition. At a later stage, the responsibilities of the actors involved will be analyzed on the basis of the relevant international and regional conventions. The prohibition of torture first appeared in the international context following the horrors of World War II, the international community in 1948 decided to draft the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to recognize all those rights that protect human dignity and integrity. This document inspired subsequent regional instruments to protect human rights; in the European context, the prohibition of torture, inhuman and degrading treatment is guaranteed by Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. Despite the existence of multiple instruments to prevent and control the prohibition of torture, inhuman and degrading treatment, they have not yet disappeared from the world scene and some cases closely concern the migration crisis in the Mediterranean Sea, bringing Italy often to the center of these events. Between October and November 2022 some NGO rescue ships at sea, including Ocean Viking, Geo Barents and Humanity 1, were the protagonists of events that have shaken the balance of European migration agreements, and where the rights of migrants themselves have possibly incurred in violations of conventions against torture, inhuman and degrading treatment. Among the objectives of this thesis are to investigate whether these violations have taken place and to what extent, to analyze whether the conditions of migrants and the specific political choices of Italy and France have been illegal. It will also be examined whether the European regulatory system in this area leaves too much room for interpretation and whether this gives the Member States the opportunity to circumvent or evade what the European Conventions provide.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/44324