Variable rate nitrogen optimization based on ground survey and UAV technology: A case study of Borettana Onion in open fields

This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of precision agriculture techniques utilizing variable rate fertilization in enhancing nutrient management for onion cultivation in Isola della Scala, Italy. The primary objectives encompass determining the optimal nitrogen fertilizer rate and application timing, assessing crop vigor and soil conditions through drone and NDVI analyses, and evaluating the impact of site-specific fertilizer application on yield. The experimental design employed a completely randomized block design, utilizing four treatment levels for nitrogen fertilizer application rates. Data collection involved soil sampling, aerial surveys utilizing a multispectral sensor mounted on a drone, as well as biometric measurements of plant biomass. Statistical analyses were conducted to compare treatment effects on above- and below-ground biomass, nitrogen content, bulb diameter, plant height, and nitrogen use efficiency. The results indicate that precision agriculture techniques, including real-time monitoring of crop growth and nutrient requirements, significantly enhance nutrient management. The utilization of drones and NDVI analysis enables accurate assessment of crop vigor and soil conditions, thereby facilitating more precise fertilization practices. Additionally, the study identifies areas of nutrient deficiencies and surpluses, allowing for targeted interventions to optimize nutrient uptake. These findings highlight the advantages of precision agriculture approaches in increasing agricultural output while reducing environmental impact. When compared to standard fertilizer application methods, this technology is more precise and cost-effective. Farmers may guarantee that each plant receives the essential nutrients for optimal growth by using site-specific fertilizer application, resulting in enhanced crop quality and total output. The implications of this research extend to sustainable agriculture and food security. Precision agriculture techniques contribute to resource efficiency, reduced environmental pollution, and increased crop yields. The study's findings can help agronomists, farmers, and policymakers establish efficient nutrient management methods and promote the use of precision agricultural practices. More research is needed to determine the long-term impacts of precision agriculture technologies on soil health, crop resilience, and economic viability.Furthermore, investigations spanning multiple areas and crops might be done to confirm the efficacy and applicability of these technologies. We can meet the task of feeding a growing global population while reducing the environmental effect of agricultural operations by increasing precision agriculture.