Against a backdrop of growing concern and awareness of the environment and, as a result, of a more interest in sustainable agricolture, the use of alternative ways for controlling plant diseases and harmful insects is gaining an increasingly central role. One of the most promising alternatives consistin using living organisms for the control of pathogenic and harmful agents. These organisms are defined as “biocontrol agents” and they include fungi, that offer various advantages; they are host specific; tehy are ubiquitous; the spread is efficient;; they are persistent; they re easy to grow in the laboratory; they don’t have negative effects on the environment. Fungi fulfill this task by using different methods, that are essentially four: competition, hyperparasitism, antibiosis, induced resistance. Amog the most studied fungi for controlling pathogenic agents there are those belonging to the Trichoderma genus, ubiquitous ascomycetes. They use all the mechanisms listed above and they are plant growing promoters. Furthermore they playan important role in the bioremediation of the soil. Fungi as biocontrol agents are used not only agaist plant deseases but also against pests. For this reason they are called entomopathogenic. In this case too they present various adventages: they are host specific; they are not harmful to the environmento and to human health; they use different mechanisms so it is difficult for the insects to develop resistance.
In un contesto di crescente preoccupazione e attenzione per l’ambiente e di conseguenza di un maggiore interesse verso l’agricoltura sostenibile, l’utilizzo di metodi alternativi per il controllo delle malattie delle piante e degli insetti dannosi sta assumendo un ruolo sempre più centrale. Uno dei più promettenti tra le alternative consiste nell’uso di organismi viventi per il controllo degli agenti patogeni e dannosi. Tali organismi sono definiti “agenti di biocontrollo” e includono i funghi, che presentano numerosi vantaggi: hanno specificità dell’ospite; sono ubiquitari; la diffusione è efficace; sono persistenti; sono facili da coltivare in laboratorio; non hanno effetti negativi sull’ambiente. I funghi adempiono a questo compito mediante diversi meccanismi, che sono essenzialmente quattro: competizione, iperparassitismo, antibiosi e induzione di resistenza. Tra i funghi più studiati per il controllo di patogeni ci sono quelli appartenenti al genere Trichoderma, ascomiceti ubiquitari. Essi si servono di tutti i meccanismi d’azione elencati e costituiscono dei promotori della crescita delle piante. Inoltre giocano un ruolo importante nella biorimediazione dei suoli. I funghi come agenti di biocontrollo non vengono usati solo per le malattie delle piante, ma anche per contrastare gli insetti dannosi. Per questo motivo sono detti entomopatogeni. Anche in questo caso il loro utilizzo prevede svariati vantaggi: sono altamente specifici; non hanno effetti negativi sula salute umana e sull’ambiente; hanno diversi meccanismi d’azione, evitando così l’insorgenza di resistenze; sono persistenti.
Funghi come agenti di biocontrollo in agricoltura
ROSSI, ARIANNA
2022/2023
Abstract
Against a backdrop of growing concern and awareness of the environment and, as a result, of a more interest in sustainable agricolture, the use of alternative ways for controlling plant diseases and harmful insects is gaining an increasingly central role. One of the most promising alternatives consistin using living organisms for the control of pathogenic and harmful agents. These organisms are defined as “biocontrol agents” and they include fungi, that offer various advantages; they are host specific; tehy are ubiquitous; the spread is efficient;; they are persistent; they re easy to grow in the laboratory; they don’t have negative effects on the environment. Fungi fulfill this task by using different methods, that are essentially four: competition, hyperparasitism, antibiosis, induced resistance. Amog the most studied fungi for controlling pathogenic agents there are those belonging to the Trichoderma genus, ubiquitous ascomycetes. They use all the mechanisms listed above and they are plant growing promoters. Furthermore they playan important role in the bioremediation of the soil. Fungi as biocontrol agents are used not only agaist plant deseases but also against pests. For this reason they are called entomopathogenic. In this case too they present various adventages: they are host specific; they are not harmful to the environmento and to human health; they use different mechanisms so it is difficult for the insects to develop resistance.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/54067