The objective of this thesis was to evaluate the role of caseins (αs1-CN, αs2-CN, β-CN, κ-CN) in the production of long-aged cheeses. The individual casein fractions present in bovine milk and their genetic variants were assessed, along with their influence on determining the rheological characteristics of the curd. To achieve high-quality cheese through the cheesemaking process, it is essential to form a curd that coagulates rapidly, contains the highest possible quantity of fat and proteins, and exhibits good curd firmness. This condition is evaluated by analyzing the cheese-making ability of the starting milk, defining its suitability to support the cheesemaking process by examining the lactodynamographic trace. As an example of long-aged cheese, Parmigiano Reggiano was studied, analyzing the influence of caseins on its curd characteristics and cheese yield. The importance of the proteolytic breakdown process that caseins undergo during the maturation period of Parmigiano Reggiano was also investigated, resulting in the formation of amino acids and important peptides that define the organoleptic characteristics of the product and contribute to the formation of health-beneficial compounds known as bioactive peptides. In conclusion, based on the studied genetic variants, it can be affirmed that variants B and C of αs1-CN allowed the formation of compact curds. Variant B of β-CN is responsible for the formation of milk characterized by high protein content and improved coagulation. Variant B of κ-casein is positively correlated with the presence of high protein content in milk and a high concentration of κ-CN with good coagulative characteristics. Caseins have demonstrated a positive influence on curd formation and yield in Parmigiano Reggiano. During the maturation of this cheese, through the proteolytic activity they undergo, caseins not only contribute to the unique organoleptic characteristics of this product but are also responsible for the formation of substances with specific biological activities, qualifying it as a "functional" food.
L’obbiettivo della presente tesi è stato quello di valutare il ruolo delle caseine (αs1-CN, αs2-CN, β-CN, κ-CN) nella produzione dei formaggi a lunga stagionatura. Sono state valutate le singole frazioni caseiniche presenti nel latte bovino e le relative varianti genetiche e la loro influenza nella determinazione delle caratteristiche reologiche della cagliata. Per ottenere un formaggio di buona qualità attraverso il processo di caseificazione è essenziale la formazione di un coagulo che coaguli velocemente, la presenza della più elevata quantità possibile di grasso e proteine ed in fine una buona capacità di rassodamento. Tale condizione viene valutata analizzando l’attitudine casearia del latte di partenza definendone in questo modo l’idoneità o meno a sostenere il processo di caseificazione esaminando il tracciato lattodinamografico. È stato portato come esempio di formaggio a lunga stagionatura il Parmigiano Reggiano, studiando l’influenza delle caseine nelle caratteristiche del suo coagulo e nella relativa resa casearia. È stata studiata anche l’importanza del processo di demolizione proteica a cui sono soggette le caseine durante il periodo di maturazione del Parmigiano Reggiano, da cui hanno origine amminoacidi e peptidi importanti nel definire le caratteristiche organolettiche del prodotto ma anche nella formazione di composti benefici per la salute chiamati peptidi bioattivi. In conclusione, analizzando le varianti genetiche studiate, si può affermare che le varianti B e C dell’αs1-CN hanno permesso la formazione di coaguli compatti; la variante B della β-CN è responsabile della formazione di un latte caratterizzato da un elevato tenore proteico e da una migliore coagulazione. La variante B della k-caseina è correlata positivamente alla presenza nel latte di un elevato tenore proteico ed un’elevata concentrazione di κ-CN con buone caratteristiche coagulative. Le caseine hanno dimostrato un’influenza positiva nella formazione del coagulo e nella resa del Parmigiano Reggiano. Durante la maturazione di questo formaggio, tramite l’attività di proteolisi a cui sono soggette, le caseine oltre a contribuire alle caratteristiche organolettiche uniche di questo prodotto, sono responsabili della formazione di sostanze con specifiche attività biologiche che lo rendono qualificabile come alimento “funzionale”.
Il ruolo delle caseine nella produzione dei formaggi a lunga stagionatura
TREVISAN, DAVIDE
2022/2023
Abstract
The objective of this thesis was to evaluate the role of caseins (αs1-CN, αs2-CN, β-CN, κ-CN) in the production of long-aged cheeses. The individual casein fractions present in bovine milk and their genetic variants were assessed, along with their influence on determining the rheological characteristics of the curd. To achieve high-quality cheese through the cheesemaking process, it is essential to form a curd that coagulates rapidly, contains the highest possible quantity of fat and proteins, and exhibits good curd firmness. This condition is evaluated by analyzing the cheese-making ability of the starting milk, defining its suitability to support the cheesemaking process by examining the lactodynamographic trace. As an example of long-aged cheese, Parmigiano Reggiano was studied, analyzing the influence of caseins on its curd characteristics and cheese yield. The importance of the proteolytic breakdown process that caseins undergo during the maturation period of Parmigiano Reggiano was also investigated, resulting in the formation of amino acids and important peptides that define the organoleptic characteristics of the product and contribute to the formation of health-beneficial compounds known as bioactive peptides. In conclusion, based on the studied genetic variants, it can be affirmed that variants B and C of αs1-CN allowed the formation of compact curds. Variant B of β-CN is responsible for the formation of milk characterized by high protein content and improved coagulation. Variant B of κ-casein is positively correlated with the presence of high protein content in milk and a high concentration of κ-CN with good coagulative characteristics. Caseins have demonstrated a positive influence on curd formation and yield in Parmigiano Reggiano. During the maturation of this cheese, through the proteolytic activity they undergo, caseins not only contribute to the unique organoleptic characteristics of this product but are also responsible for the formation of substances with specific biological activities, qualifying it as a "functional" food.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
---|---|---|---|
Trevisan_Davide.pdf
accesso riservato
Dimensione
619.37 kB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
619.37 kB | Adobe PDF |
The text of this website © Università degli studi di Padova. Full Text are published under a non-exclusive license. Metadata are under a CC0 License
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/59173