Introduction. Prerequisites are skills that children develop early and there are associated with the development of school learning; they are therefore referred to as predictors. FEs, particularly inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility, play an essential role in both informal and formal learning, so much so that they are better predictors than Intellectual Quotient (Zelazo, 2020). Although the literature emphasizes the importance of prerequisites in the development of school learning, there is little scientific evidence regarding the effectiveness of enabling programs. (Cornoldi, 2007). Objective. The objective of the present study is to investigate whether learning prerequisites and executive functions can be improved by a specific, integrated reinforcement treatment targeting children with secondary language disorder. Among the prerequisites considered are phonological awareness, Arabic code-quantity matching, and RAN; among FEs are inhibition, shifting, and WM. Participants. Eleven children aged 66 to 86 months (3 females and 8 males) were selected . Group A: 3 children (66 -69 months) attending the last year preschool; Group B: 8 children (71 -86 months) in the first year elementary school. Materials. Specific material was developed for the enhancement of metaphonological skills, number prerequisites, and rapid automatic naming (RAN) with planned activities to simultaneously stimulate FE particularly in the components of updating, inhibition, and shifting. Sustained attention was also enhanced by gradually increasing the duration of activities within a structured setting. Methods. A longitudinal study was conducted involving a pre-treatment and a post-treatment assessment of school learning prerequisites and FE in both preschool and school children. Direct treatment was conducted on a weekly basis for a total of 8 consecutive sessions. During each session, the three activities were presented by varying the order of presentation. Results. A statistical analysis of the results could not be performed because of the heterogeneity of the sample. Therefore, a comparison of the raw scores obtained by each participant at the pre- and post-treatment assessment was performed. Discussion. Qualitatively, there was, in general for children in both groups, an increase in the speed of execution of the proposed activities and an improvement in sustained attention. An improvement in RAN, metaphonological skills and numerical intelligence is observed in both groups. There is also a positive development in FE especially WM and cognitive flexibility. The less encouraging results concern the inhibition ability, it is indeed complex for the majority of children to inhibit automatic responses even at the end of the treatment.Conclusion. The activities developed for the enhancement of prerequisites to learning integrated with FE resulted in some improvements in both preschool and school children with secondary language disorder.
Introduzione. I prerequisiti sono abilità che il bambino sviluppa precocemente e sono associati allo sviluppo degli apprendimenti scolastici, vengono perciò definiti predittori. Le FE, in particolare inibizione, memoria di lavoro e flessibilità cognitiva, svolgono un ruolo essenziale per l’apprendimento sia informale che formale, tanto da esserne predittori più efficaci rispetto al Quoziente Intellettivo (Zelazo, 2020). Nonostante la letteratura sottolinei l’importanza dei prerequisiti nello sviluppo degli apprendimenti scolastici, vi sono poche evidenze scientifiche riguardo all’efficacia dei programmi abilitativi. (Cornoldi, 2007). Obiettivo. L’obiettivo del presente studio è quello di indagare se i prerequisiti degli apprendimenti e le funzioni esecutive possano migliorare grazie ad un trattamento specifico e integrato di potenziamento, rivolto a bambini con disturbo secondario di linguaggio. Tra i prerequisiti presi in considerazione vi è la consapevolezza fonologica, la corrispondenza codice arabico-quantità e la RAN, tra le FE l’inibizione, lo shifting e la WM. Partecipanti. Sono stati selezionati 11 bambini di età compresa tra i 66 e gli 86 mesi (3 femmine e 8 maschi) . Gruppo A: 3 bambini (66 -69 mesi) frequentanti l’ultimo anno scuola dell’infanzia; Gruppo B: 8 bambini (71 -86 mesi) del primo anno scuola primaria. Materiali. È stato elaborato un materiale specifico per il potenziamento delle competenze metafonologiche, dei prerequisiti numerici e della denominazione automatica rapida (RAN) con attività pianificate per stimolare al contempo le FE in particolare nelle componenti di updating, inibizione e shifting. Si è andati a potenziare anche l’attenzione sostenuta aumentando gradualmente la durata delle attività all’interno di un setting strutturato. Metodi. È stato condotto uno studio longitudinale che prevedeva una valutazione pre e una post trattamento dei prerequisiti degli apprendimenti scolastici e delle FE sia nei bambini prescolari che scolari. È stato svolto un trattamento diretto con cadenza settimanale per un totale di 8 sedute consecutive. Durante ogni seduta sono state presentate le tre attività variando l’ordine di presentazione. Risultati. Non è stato possibile eseguire un’analisi statistica dei risultati a causa dell’eterogeneità del campione. È stato eseguito perciò un confronto tra i punteggi grezzi ottenuti da ciascun partecipante alla valutazione pre e post trattamento. Discussione. Da un punto di vista qualitativo si è assistito, in generale per i bambini di entrambi i gruppi, ad un aumento nella velocità di esecuzione delle attività proposte e ad un miglioramento dell’attenzione sostenuta. In entrambi i gruppi si osserva un miglioramento nella RAN, nelle competenze metafonologiche e nell’intelligenza numerica. Si osserva inoltre un’evoluzione positiva delle FE specialmente della WM e della flessibilità cognitiva. I risultati meno incoraggianti riguardano l’abilità di inibizione, risulta infatti complesso, per la maggioranza dei bambini, inibire le risposte automatiche anche al termine del trattamento. Conclusione. Le attività elaborate per il potenziamento dei prerequisiti agli apprendimenti integrato con le FE hanno determinato alcuni miglioramenti sia nei bambini prescolari che scolari con disturbo del linguaggio secondario.
Il potenziamento dei prerequisiti agli apprendimenti integrato con le Funzioni Esecutive. Proposta di un intervento logopedico rivolto a bambini con disturbo secondario di linguaggio.
SELVESTREL, ELEONORA
2022/2023
Abstract
Introduction. Prerequisites are skills that children develop early and there are associated with the development of school learning; they are therefore referred to as predictors. FEs, particularly inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility, play an essential role in both informal and formal learning, so much so that they are better predictors than Intellectual Quotient (Zelazo, 2020). Although the literature emphasizes the importance of prerequisites in the development of school learning, there is little scientific evidence regarding the effectiveness of enabling programs. (Cornoldi, 2007). Objective. The objective of the present study is to investigate whether learning prerequisites and executive functions can be improved by a specific, integrated reinforcement treatment targeting children with secondary language disorder. Among the prerequisites considered are phonological awareness, Arabic code-quantity matching, and RAN; among FEs are inhibition, shifting, and WM. Participants. Eleven children aged 66 to 86 months (3 females and 8 males) were selected . Group A: 3 children (66 -69 months) attending the last year preschool; Group B: 8 children (71 -86 months) in the first year elementary school. Materials. Specific material was developed for the enhancement of metaphonological skills, number prerequisites, and rapid automatic naming (RAN) with planned activities to simultaneously stimulate FE particularly in the components of updating, inhibition, and shifting. Sustained attention was also enhanced by gradually increasing the duration of activities within a structured setting. Methods. A longitudinal study was conducted involving a pre-treatment and a post-treatment assessment of school learning prerequisites and FE in both preschool and school children. Direct treatment was conducted on a weekly basis for a total of 8 consecutive sessions. During each session, the three activities were presented by varying the order of presentation. Results. A statistical analysis of the results could not be performed because of the heterogeneity of the sample. Therefore, a comparison of the raw scores obtained by each participant at the pre- and post-treatment assessment was performed. Discussion. Qualitatively, there was, in general for children in both groups, an increase in the speed of execution of the proposed activities and an improvement in sustained attention. An improvement in RAN, metaphonological skills and numerical intelligence is observed in both groups. There is also a positive development in FE especially WM and cognitive flexibility. The less encouraging results concern the inhibition ability, it is indeed complex for the majority of children to inhibit automatic responses even at the end of the treatment.Conclusion. The activities developed for the enhancement of prerequisites to learning integrated with FE resulted in some improvements in both preschool and school children with secondary language disorder.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
---|---|---|---|
Selvestrel Eleonora, Logopedia..pdf
accesso aperto
Dimensione
1.25 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
1.25 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
The text of this website © Università degli studi di Padova. Full Text are published under a non-exclusive license. Metadata are under a CC0 License
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/65009