Aflatoxins are toxic metabolites produced mainly by fungi of the Aspergillus genus and still pose a significant threat to global food safety. This thesis was written to provide an overview of the biological cycle of Aspergillus, the risk management of aflatoxin contamination in dairy products, and the application of advanced analytical methods to ensure food safety. First, a detailed discussion of the morphology and biological cycle of Aspergillus are provided, describing the optimal conditions for the proliferation of the fungus and the subsequent production of aflatoxins. Methodologies to prevent the development of the Aspergillus fungus and toxicity aspects are also discussed. Particular attention is given to aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), a metabolised form of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), which can be found in the milk of animals that have ingested contaminated feed. The assimilation and biotransformation processes of aflatoxin B1 into aflatoxin M1 are analysed, highlighting the phenomenon of the amount of aflatoxin carry-over which is taken in with the feed and subsequently secreted into the milk. The assimilation also leads to the phenomenon of aflatoxicosis, i.e. intoxication by aflatoxin intake. The presence of AFM1 in milk poses serious food safety concerns, especially during cheesemaking processes. Therefore, the behaviour of contaminated milk and the effects on the quality and safety of dairy products derived from contamination of AFM1 are analysed, taking into consideration some typical Italian cheeses, both hard and soft. In addition, the thesis examines the legal limits set for aflatoxins in milk and their significance with regard to health. To ensure the accurate detection of aflatoxins, the main methods of detection which are used are discussed. The ELISA (Enzyme - Linked - Immunosorbent - Assay) method is illustrated and described for its ability to provide rapid and sensitive analysis. On the other hand, the HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) method is described in detail for its high precision and quantification capability. The thesis compares the advantages and limitations of these methods, emphasising the importance of accurate detection for the protection of public health and compliance with current regulations.
Le aflatossine sono metaboliti tossici prodotti principalmente da funghi del genere Aspergillus, e rappresentano tutt’oggi una significativa minaccia per la sicurezza alimentare globale. Questa tesi è stata redatta al fine di offrire una panoramica sul ciclo biologico di Aspergillus, sulla gestione del rischio di contaminazione da aflatossine nei prodotti lattiero-caseari, e sull’applicazione di metodi analitici avanzati per garantire la sicurezza alimentare. In primo luogo, viene fornita una trattazione dettagliata della morfologia e del ciclo biologico di Aspergillus, descrivendo le condizioni ottimali per la proliferazione del fungo e la conseguente produzione di aflatossine. Vengono inoltre trattate alcune metodologie atte a prevenire lo sviluppo del fungo Aspergillus e gli aspetti riguardanti la tossicità. Particolare attenzione è riservata all’aflatossina M1 (AFM1), una forma metabolizzata dell’aflatossina B1 (AFB1), che può essere trovata nel latte di animali che hanno ingerito mangimi contaminati. Vengono analizzati i processi di assimilazione e biotrasformazione dell’aflatossina B1 in aflatossina M1, evidenziando il fenomeno del carry-over e del trasferimento del quantitativo di aflatossina assunta col mangime e secreta successivamente nel latte. L’assimilazione, inoltre, porta al fenomeno dell’aflatossicosi, ovvero l’intossicazione da assunzione di aflatossine. La presenza di AFM1 nel latte pone seri problemi di sicurezza alimentare, specialmente durante i processi di caseificazione. Vengono quindi analizzati i comportamenti del latte contaminato e gli effetti sulla qualità e sicurezza dei prodotti caseari derivati, prendendo in considerazione alcuni dei formaggi tipici italiani sia a pasta dura che a parta molle. Inoltre, la tesi esamina i limiti di legge stabiliti per le aflatossine nel latte e la loro importanza per quanto riguarda la salute. Per garantire la rilevazione accurata delle aflatossine, vengono discussi i principali metodi utilizzati. Il metodo ELISA (Enzyme – Linked – Immunosorbent – Assay) viene illustrato e descritto per la sua capacità di fornire un’analisi rapida e sensibile; invece, il metodo HPLC (High Performance Liquid Cromatography) viene descritto in dettaglio per la sua alta capacità di precisione e quantificazione. La tesi confronta vantaggi e le limitazioni di questi metodi, sottolineando l’importanza di una rilevazione accurata per la tutela della salute pubblica e il rispetto delle norme vigenti.
Il rischio aflatossine nella produzione di latte bovino
RIGATO, ALESSANDRO
2023/2024
Abstract
Aflatoxins are toxic metabolites produced mainly by fungi of the Aspergillus genus and still pose a significant threat to global food safety. This thesis was written to provide an overview of the biological cycle of Aspergillus, the risk management of aflatoxin contamination in dairy products, and the application of advanced analytical methods to ensure food safety. First, a detailed discussion of the morphology and biological cycle of Aspergillus are provided, describing the optimal conditions for the proliferation of the fungus and the subsequent production of aflatoxins. Methodologies to prevent the development of the Aspergillus fungus and toxicity aspects are also discussed. Particular attention is given to aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), a metabolised form of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), which can be found in the milk of animals that have ingested contaminated feed. The assimilation and biotransformation processes of aflatoxin B1 into aflatoxin M1 are analysed, highlighting the phenomenon of the amount of aflatoxin carry-over which is taken in with the feed and subsequently secreted into the milk. The assimilation also leads to the phenomenon of aflatoxicosis, i.e. intoxication by aflatoxin intake. The presence of AFM1 in milk poses serious food safety concerns, especially during cheesemaking processes. Therefore, the behaviour of contaminated milk and the effects on the quality and safety of dairy products derived from contamination of AFM1 are analysed, taking into consideration some typical Italian cheeses, both hard and soft. In addition, the thesis examines the legal limits set for aflatoxins in milk and their significance with regard to health. To ensure the accurate detection of aflatoxins, the main methods of detection which are used are discussed. The ELISA (Enzyme - Linked - Immunosorbent - Assay) method is illustrated and described for its ability to provide rapid and sensitive analysis. On the other hand, the HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) method is described in detail for its high precision and quantification capability. The thesis compares the advantages and limitations of these methods, emphasising the importance of accurate detection for the protection of public health and compliance with current regulations.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/67829