The loss of a spouse forces the survivor to make painful adjustments in the management of family life. Logistics, social life, financial management, work and parenting can be profoundly altered. Parenting is probably the most complicated task to deal with. Parenting activities that are already difficult in daily life are put to the ultimate test at the moment of the parent's greatest inability to support them and coinciding with the time when the children have the greatest need for its support. The child is at the center of parental bereavement researchers' reflections and research goal by considering it a weak element in the parent-child relationship. This is indeed true and natural, but in the circumstance of bereavement it is primarily the relationship between parent and child that is radically forced and altered, with the difference that the quality of the relationship for the child is indispensable for its psychophysical development. Two individuals, surviving parent and child with emotional and cognitive capacities at a different level of development find themselves going through an experience that is common but in fact extremely different for each of them. The thesis aims on the one hand to describe the specificity of parental child bereavement and on the other to grasp the complexity of the interaction between the child and the surviving parent, where interaction means all those factors and processes that determine a reciprocal influence between the two. The thesis, while privileging the child's point of view, aims to highlight how child bereavement responses depend on many environmental and parent-specific situations and the interaction between these and those of the child during and after the bereavement period. It will not be possible to understand the bereaved parent-child interaction and the psychological and behavioural outcomes of the child, whether psychopathological or not, if not starting from the specific psychophysical dimensions of both before, during and after the event. The intrapsychic, interpsychic and relational world of each will determine the actual response to events through the combined mediation of innumerable factors, both positive and negative, which the thesis describes. These pre-existing and post-bereavement factors, both environmental and specific to the child and the parent, will be decisive for their relationship during the mourning period and in influencing their psychological life with specific relevance to the child and its future life. The first part of the thesis aims to describe the specificity of parental bereavement in children in its psychological, adaptive and psychopathological dimensions in the short, medium and long term in individuals of developmental age and then examine the psychobiological implications and physiological manifestations influencing behaviour. The second part of the thesis sets out to describe from the child's level of cognitive, emotional and affective development how it interprets the death of a parent, how it experiences and what it manifests in emotions and behaviour during the period of mourning, how attachment patterns in childhood are influenced by the death of a parent, and how these childhood patterns influence attachment patterns in adulthood with clear implications for adult affective relationships. The third part of the thesis examines the main moderating and mediating factors in parental bereavement in order to understand the possible psychopathological and dysfunctional outcomes that influence children's responses to bereavement. The final part of the thesis describes specific aspects of the dyadic parent-child bereavement relationship, possible support interventions for both separately and jointly, and on parenting as a protective factor for the healthy development of the bereaved child.
La perdita del coniuge costringe il superstite a fare dolorosi aggiustamenti nella gestione della vita familiare. La logistica, la vita sociale, la gestione finanziaria, l’attività lavorativa e la genitorialità possono venire profondamente alterati. La genitorialità è probabilmente il compito più complicato da affrontare. Le attività genitoriali già difficili nella vita quotidiana sono messe a durissima prova nel momento di massima incapacità del genitore a sostenerle e coincidente al momento in cui i figli hanno il massimo bisogno del suo supporto. Il bambino è al centro delle riflessioni e degli obiettivi di ricerca dei ricercatori del lutto parentale considerandolo elemento debole della relazione genitore-figlio. Questo è effettivamente vero e naturale ma nella circostanza del lutto ad essere radicalmente forzata e alterata è soprattutto la relazione tra genitore e figlio con la differenza che la qualità della relazione per il figlio è indispensabile per il suo sviluppo psicofisico. Due individui, genitore superstite e figlio con capacità emotive e cognitive ad un livello di sviluppo diverso si trovano a vivere un’esperienza comune ma di fatto estremamente differente per ogniuno di loro. La tesi vuole descrivere da una parte la specificità del lutto parentale del bambino e dall’altra cogliere la complessità dell’interazione tra il bambino e il genitore superstite, dove per interazione si intende l’insieme di quei fattori e processi che determinano un’influenza reciproca tra i due. La tesi pur privilegiando il punto di vista del bambino vuole evidenziare come le risposte del lutto infantile dipendano da molte situazioni ambientali e specifiche del genitore e nell’interazione tra queste e quelle del bambino durante il lutto e nel periodo successivo. Non sarà possibile comprendere l’interazione genitore-figlio in lutto e gli esiti psicologici e comportamentali del bambino siano essi psicopatologici o meno, se non a partire dalle specifiche dimensioni psicofisiche di entrambi prima, durante e dopo l’evento. Il mondo intrapsichico, inter psichico e relazionale di ogniuno dei due determinerà la risposta reale agli eventi attraverso la mediazione combinata di innumerevoli fattori sia positivi che negativi che la tesi descrive. Tali fattori preesistenti e successivi al lutto sia ambientali e sia specifici per il bambino ed il genitore saranno determinanti per il loro rapporto durante il periodo del lutto e nell’influenzare la loro vita psicologica con specifica importanza per il bambino e per la sua vita futura. La prima parte della tesi ha lo scopo di descrivere la specificità del lutto parentale nel bambino nella sua dimensione psicologica, adattiva e psicopatologica a breve medio e lungo termine in individui in età evolutiva per poi esaminare le implicazioni psicobiologiche e le manifestazioni fisiologiche influenti nel comportamento. La seconda parte della tesi si prefigge di descrivere a partire dal livello di sviluppo cognitivo, emotivo ed affettivo del bambino come egli interpreta la morte di un genitore, come vive e cosa manifesta nelle emozioni e nel comportamento durante il periodo del lutto, come i modelli di attaccamento nell’infanzia vengano influenzati dalla morte dei/di un genitore e come questi modelli infantili influenzino i modelli di attaccamento nell’età adulta con evidenti implicazioni nei rapporti affettivi adulti. Nella terza parte della tesi vengono presi in esame i principali fattori di moderazione e mediazione nel lutto parentale al fine di comprendere i possibili esiti psicopatologici e disfunzionali che influenzano le risposte del bambino al lutto. La parte finale della tesi descrive gli aspetti specifici della relazione diadica genitore-figlio in lutto, i possibili interventi di sostegno ad entrambi separatamente e congiuntamente e sulla genitorialità come fattore protettivo per lo sviluppo sano del bambino in lutto.
Morte di un genitore nell'età dello sviluppo: interazione tra genitore superstite e bambino
BRASOLIN, FRANCESCO
2023/2024
Abstract
The loss of a spouse forces the survivor to make painful adjustments in the management of family life. Logistics, social life, financial management, work and parenting can be profoundly altered. Parenting is probably the most complicated task to deal with. Parenting activities that are already difficult in daily life are put to the ultimate test at the moment of the parent's greatest inability to support them and coinciding with the time when the children have the greatest need for its support. The child is at the center of parental bereavement researchers' reflections and research goal by considering it a weak element in the parent-child relationship. This is indeed true and natural, but in the circumstance of bereavement it is primarily the relationship between parent and child that is radically forced and altered, with the difference that the quality of the relationship for the child is indispensable for its psychophysical development. Two individuals, surviving parent and child with emotional and cognitive capacities at a different level of development find themselves going through an experience that is common but in fact extremely different for each of them. The thesis aims on the one hand to describe the specificity of parental child bereavement and on the other to grasp the complexity of the interaction between the child and the surviving parent, where interaction means all those factors and processes that determine a reciprocal influence between the two. The thesis, while privileging the child's point of view, aims to highlight how child bereavement responses depend on many environmental and parent-specific situations and the interaction between these and those of the child during and after the bereavement period. It will not be possible to understand the bereaved parent-child interaction and the psychological and behavioural outcomes of the child, whether psychopathological or not, if not starting from the specific psychophysical dimensions of both before, during and after the event. The intrapsychic, interpsychic and relational world of each will determine the actual response to events through the combined mediation of innumerable factors, both positive and negative, which the thesis describes. These pre-existing and post-bereavement factors, both environmental and specific to the child and the parent, will be decisive for their relationship during the mourning period and in influencing their psychological life with specific relevance to the child and its future life. The first part of the thesis aims to describe the specificity of parental bereavement in children in its psychological, adaptive and psychopathological dimensions in the short, medium and long term in individuals of developmental age and then examine the psychobiological implications and physiological manifestations influencing behaviour. The second part of the thesis sets out to describe from the child's level of cognitive, emotional and affective development how it interprets the death of a parent, how it experiences and what it manifests in emotions and behaviour during the period of mourning, how attachment patterns in childhood are influenced by the death of a parent, and how these childhood patterns influence attachment patterns in adulthood with clear implications for adult affective relationships. The third part of the thesis examines the main moderating and mediating factors in parental bereavement in order to understand the possible psychopathological and dysfunctional outcomes that influence children's responses to bereavement. The final part of the thesis describes specific aspects of the dyadic parent-child bereavement relationship, possible support interventions for both separately and jointly, and on parenting as a protective factor for the healthy development of the bereaved child.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/69821