This literature review work aims to address the phenomenon of burnout in athletes who practice aesthetic sports through the analysis of antecedent-causal, media and consequent factors to this syndrome, making particular reference to the case of dancers. Dancers constitute a particular subset of athletes who, throughout their career, are subject to a high level of both mental and physical stress caused by personal, psychological, economic and physical factors (numerous injuries). Stoeber (2011) found that a typical characteristic of the athlete's personality that increases the risk of developing burnout is perfectionism. Therefore, this paper will talk about the various domains of perfectionism (perfectionistic efforts and perfectionistic concerns, functional and dysfunctional perfectionism, self-oriented, socially prescribed and other-oriented perfectionism) and their consequences on the psycho-physical well-being of athletes, showing that only some dimensions are dysfunctional. An alternative way to evaluate the effects of perfectionism on the health of athletes is to analyze the media role of motivation: according to Deci and Ryan's theory of self-determination there are 5 subcomponents of motivation associated with different dimensions of perfectionism and greater or lesser levels of burnout. In particular, controlled motivation mediates the direct and indirect positive relationship between perfectionist concerns and burnout, while autonomous motivation mediates the negative direct and indirect relationship between perfectionistic efforts and burnout (Madigan, Stoeber and Passfield, 2016). Perfectionism turns out to be a personality trait typical of athletes that increases the risk of developing eating disorders. In the 1990s, several researchers showed that playing sports that promote thinness for aesthetic reasons is associated with an increased risk of eating disorders and associated factors, including high-weight problems, body dissatisfaction and excessive diet. In fact, large-scale studies conducted in Norway demonstrated that the prevalence rate of eating disorders in beauty sports corresponds to 42% (a higher percentage than in other sports). Finally, the relationship between DCA and burnout is discussed. From the study conducted by Markkila (2014) it can be seen that there is a relationship between DCA and burnout, but it is not a direct relationship, but is mediated by dysfunctional perfectionism, which seems to have a negative effect on women but not on men.
Questo lavoro di revisione della letteratura si propone di affrontare il fenomeno del burnout negli atleti che praticano sport estetici attraverso l'analisi dei fattori antecedenti-causali, mediatici e conseguenti a questa sindrome, facendo particolare riferimento al caso dei ballerini. I ballerini costituiscono un particolare sottoinsieme di atleti che, nel corso della loro carriera, sono soggetti ad un elevato livello di stress sia mentale che fisico causato da fattori personali, psicologici, economici e fisici (numerosi infortuni). Stoeber (2011) ha scoperto che una caratteristica tipica della personalità dell'atleta che aumenta il rischio di sviluppare il burnout è il perfezionismo. Pertanto, questo articolo parlerà dei vari domini del perfezionismo (sforzi perfezionistici e preoccupazioni perfezionistiche, perfezionismo funzionale e disfunzionale, perfezionismo auto-orientato, socialmente prescritto e orientato ad altri) e delle loro conseguenze sul benessere psico-fisico degli atleti, dimostrando che solo alcune dimensioni sono disfunzionali. Un modo alternativo per valutare gli effetti del perfezionismo sulla salute degli atleti è analizzare il ruolo mediatico della motivazione: secondo la teoria dell'autodeterminazione di Deci e Ryan esistono 5 sottocomponenti della motivazione associate a differenti dimensioni del perfezionismo ed a livelli maggiori o minori di burnout. In particolare, la motivazione controllata media la relazione positiva diretta e indiretta tra preoccupazioni perfezioniste e burnout, mentre la motivazione autonoma media la relazione diretta e indiretta negativa tra sforzi perfezionistici e burnout (Madigan, Stoeber e Passfield, 2016). Il perfezionismo risulta essere un tratto di personalità tipico degli atleti che aumenta il rischio di sviluppare disturbi alimentari. Negli anni '90, diversi ricercatori hanno dimostrato che praticare sport che promuovono la magrezza per ragioni estetiche è associato ad un aumento del rischio di disturbi alimentari e fattori associati, tra cui problemi di peso elevato, insoddisfazione corporea e dieta eccessiva. Studi su larga scala condotti in Norvegia dimostrarono infatti, che il tasso di prevalenza di disturbi alimentari negli sport estetici corrisponde al 42% (percentuale maggiore rispetto ad altri sport). Infine, viene discussa la relazione tra DCA e burnout. Dallo studio condotto da Markkila (2014) si evince che esiste una relazione tra DCA e burnout, ma non si tratta di una relazione diretta, bensì è mediata dal perfezionismo disfunzionale, il quale sembra avere un effetto negativo sulle donne ma non sugli uomini.
Il burnout negli sport estetici
TRONCHIN, GIULIA
2023/2024
Abstract
This literature review work aims to address the phenomenon of burnout in athletes who practice aesthetic sports through the analysis of antecedent-causal, media and consequent factors to this syndrome, making particular reference to the case of dancers. Dancers constitute a particular subset of athletes who, throughout their career, are subject to a high level of both mental and physical stress caused by personal, psychological, economic and physical factors (numerous injuries). Stoeber (2011) found that a typical characteristic of the athlete's personality that increases the risk of developing burnout is perfectionism. Therefore, this paper will talk about the various domains of perfectionism (perfectionistic efforts and perfectionistic concerns, functional and dysfunctional perfectionism, self-oriented, socially prescribed and other-oriented perfectionism) and their consequences on the psycho-physical well-being of athletes, showing that only some dimensions are dysfunctional. An alternative way to evaluate the effects of perfectionism on the health of athletes is to analyze the media role of motivation: according to Deci and Ryan's theory of self-determination there are 5 subcomponents of motivation associated with different dimensions of perfectionism and greater or lesser levels of burnout. In particular, controlled motivation mediates the direct and indirect positive relationship between perfectionist concerns and burnout, while autonomous motivation mediates the negative direct and indirect relationship between perfectionistic efforts and burnout (Madigan, Stoeber and Passfield, 2016). Perfectionism turns out to be a personality trait typical of athletes that increases the risk of developing eating disorders. In the 1990s, several researchers showed that playing sports that promote thinness for aesthetic reasons is associated with an increased risk of eating disorders and associated factors, including high-weight problems, body dissatisfaction and excessive diet. In fact, large-scale studies conducted in Norway demonstrated that the prevalence rate of eating disorders in beauty sports corresponds to 42% (a higher percentage than in other sports). Finally, the relationship between DCA and burnout is discussed. From the study conducted by Markkila (2014) it can be seen that there is a relationship between DCA and burnout, but it is not a direct relationship, but is mediated by dysfunctional perfectionism, which seems to have a negative effect on women but not on men.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/69859