Several aspects of dogs' perception and visual cognition have been explored using two- dimensional pictorial representations. Much of this research is based on the hypothesis that the cognitive processes involved in the perception and processing of visual information are common to both three-dimensional stimuli and two-dimensional images, and that the additional spatial dimension can be adequately inferred from pictorial depth cues. Although dogs use and distinguish two-dimensional images, there is very limited empirical evidence of their ability to perceive three-dimensionality using pictorial cues. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the relative contribution of linear perspective in eliciting depth perception in dogs. Twenty-four dogs were subjected to two conditions: a control condition in which a ball was shown rolling on a flat surface until it fell into a real hole, and an experimental condition in which the ball was rolled on the same flat surface until it passed over a two-dimensional pictorial representation of the real hole. The stimulus used in the experimental condition was a photo of the real hole, in which the pictorial depth cues were appropriately manipulated to isolate the relative contribution of linear perspective. The application of the violation-of-expectation paradigm did not show any significant difference in the observation times towards the area corresponding to the hole between the two conditions. Nevertheless, a general increase in the dogs' average attention toward the area corresponding to the hole was observed in the illusory condition, and a significant reduction in the overall time spent by the subjects observing the scene in the real hole condition. These results suggest that there may be a weak effect of linear perspective in eliciting the perception of three-dimensionality in dogs, but that this effect is not strong enough to account for significant differences in average attention between the conditions.
Diversi aspetti della percezione e della cognizione visiva dei cani sono stati esplorati utilizzando rappresentazioni pittoriche bidimensionali. Gran parte di queste ricerche si basano sull’ipotesi secondo la quale i processi cognitivi coinvolti nella percezione ed elaborazione delle informazioni visive siano comuni a stimoli tridimensionali ed immagini bidimensionali e che la dimensione spaziale aggiuntiva possa essere adeguatamente dedotta a partire dagli indizi di profondità pittorici. Tuttavia, sebbene i cani utilizzino e discriminino le immagini bidimensionali, esistono evidenze empiriche molto limitate sulla loro capacità di percepire la tridimensionalità utilizzando gli indizi pittorici. A tal proposito, lo scopo del presente studio è stato indagare il contributo relativo della prospettiva lineare nel suscitare la percezione della profondità nei cani. Ventiquattro cani sono stati sottoposti a due condizioni: una condizione di controllo, in cui veniva mostrata una pallina che rotolava su una superficie piana fino a cadere all’interno di un buco reale, ed una condizione sperimentale, in cui la pallina veniva fatta scorrere sulla stessa superficie piana fino a raggiungere e superare una rappresentazione pittorica bidimensionale del buco reale. Lo stimolo utilizzato nella condizione sperimentale era una stampa della foto del buco reale, in cui gli indizi di profondità pittorici sono stati opportunamente manipolati per isolare il contributo relativa della prospettiva lineare. L’applicazione del paradigma di violazione dell’aspettativa non ha evidenziato alcuna differenza significativa tra le due condizioni nei tempi di osservazione verso l’area corrispondente al buco. Ciò nonostante, è stato osservato un tendenziale aumento dell’attenzione media dei cani verso l’area corrispondente al buco nella condizione illusoria e una riduzione significativa del tempo complessivamente speso dai soggetti ad osservare la scena nella condizione di buco reale. Questi risultati consentono, dunque, di ipotizzare che via sia un effetto, se pur debole, della prospettiva lineare nel suscitare la percezione della tridimensionalità nel cane, ma che questo non sia sufficientemente forte da giustificare differenze significative nell’attenzione media tra le condizioni.
Manipolazione degli indizi pittorici: isolamento del contributo relativo della prospettiva lineare sulla percezione della profondità nei cani
MICHELOTTO, ANDREA LISA
2023/2024
Abstract
Several aspects of dogs' perception and visual cognition have been explored using two- dimensional pictorial representations. Much of this research is based on the hypothesis that the cognitive processes involved in the perception and processing of visual information are common to both three-dimensional stimuli and two-dimensional images, and that the additional spatial dimension can be adequately inferred from pictorial depth cues. Although dogs use and distinguish two-dimensional images, there is very limited empirical evidence of their ability to perceive three-dimensionality using pictorial cues. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the relative contribution of linear perspective in eliciting depth perception in dogs. Twenty-four dogs were subjected to two conditions: a control condition in which a ball was shown rolling on a flat surface until it fell into a real hole, and an experimental condition in which the ball was rolled on the same flat surface until it passed over a two-dimensional pictorial representation of the real hole. The stimulus used in the experimental condition was a photo of the real hole, in which the pictorial depth cues were appropriately manipulated to isolate the relative contribution of linear perspective. The application of the violation-of-expectation paradigm did not show any significant difference in the observation times towards the area corresponding to the hole between the two conditions. Nevertheless, a general increase in the dogs' average attention toward the area corresponding to the hole was observed in the illusory condition, and a significant reduction in the overall time spent by the subjects observing the scene in the real hole condition. These results suggest that there may be a weak effect of linear perspective in eliciting the perception of three-dimensionality in dogs, but that this effect is not strong enough to account for significant differences in average attention between the conditions.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/70707