ABSTRACT Introduction The effectiveness of Aminophylline in antagonizing the effects of anesthetics, in particular benzodiazepines, barbiturates and inhaled anesthetics, has already been demonstrated by several studies, improving the recovery time of patients and reducing the manifestation of side effects upon awakening. This property has been shown to be due to the antagonistic action of Aminophylline adenosine in brain receptors, increasing the excitability of neurons and predisposing recovery from the effects of anesthesia. Objective This thesis aims to compare the effects of a bolus of Aminophylline administered at the end of an operation on the patient's awakening and on other intraoperative parameters. Methods In this prospective, single-center, observational study, 48 patients were recruited, with 24 receiving the aminophylline bolus and 24 not; for each group, 12 used the Schnider PK/PD model and 12 Eleveld. All patients were recruited from the breast surgery unit and underwent TIVA in continuous infusion with Propofol and Remifentanil. Each patient was then randomly assigned to the Schneider or Eleveld pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model for propofol, and some were randomly subjected to the aminophylline bolus at the end of the anesthetic infusion. Demographic variables (age, weight, height, BMI, and ASA status) and intraoperative variables including CeP, effector site concentration, BIS value, and time to REO (eye opening recovery) and RoR (responsiveness recovery) were collected. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare continuous variables between the aminophylline and non-aminophylline groups; data were then reported as absolute numbers and percentages and compared using a Fisher exact test, with p<0.05 considered as the statistical significance value. No significant statistical differences were found between groups in CePs and BIS at loss of responsiveness (LOR) and maintenance of anesthesia (MA). Results No differences were found in the timing of anesthesia and total dose of Propofol administered between the groups. Patients who received the Aminophylline bolus demonstrated a reduced time to REO (7 vs 11 min, p<0.01) and ROR (8 vs 11 min, p<0.01) and a lower BIS to REO (68 vs 75, p=0.01), furthermore these patients exhibited a significantly higher CeP REO and ROR both when the Schnider TCI PK/PD model was adopted (1.05 vs 0.62, p<0.005 and 0.85 vs 0.52, p<0.005 respectively), and the Eleveld model (1.99 vs 1.5, p<0.005 for REO and 1.65 vs 1.4, p<0.005 for ROR). In the patient population who received the aminophylline bolus, REO occurred before ROR, while in the other patients, REO overlapped with ROR (70 seconds vs 10 seconds, p<0.005). Conclusions The study therefore confirms that Aminophylline is effective in reducing ROR times and that this occurs at higher CeP values, according to both the Schnider and Eleveld PK/PD models.
RIASSUNTO Introduzione E’ già stata postulata in letteratura l’efficacia dell’Aminofillina nell’antagonizzare gli effetti degli anestetici, in particolare le benzodiazepine, i barbiturici e gli anestetici inalatori, migliorando il tempo di recupero della responsività dei pazienti e riducendo la manifestazione di effetti collaterali al risveglio. Questa proprietà è probabilmente dovuta all’azione antagonista dell’adenosina dell’Aminofillina nei recettori cerebrali, aumentando l’eccitabilità dei neuroni e predisponendo al recupero dagli effetti dell’anestesia. Scopo Questa tesi mira a comparare gli effetti sui tempi di risveglio e sulle concentrazioni di anestetico endovenoso (Propofol) di un bolo di Aminofillina somministrato al termine dell’intervento chirurgico. Materiali e Metodi In questo studio di tipo osservazionale prospettico e monocentrico 48 pazienti sono state reclutate, con 24 che hanno ricevuto il bolo di Aminofillina e 24 no; per ciascun gruppo 12 hanno utilizzato il modello Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) farmacocinetico/dinamico (Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic PK/PD) Schnider e 12 Eleveld. Tutte le pazienti sono state reclutate dall’unità di chirurgia senologica e sono state sottoposte a Total Intravenous Anesthesia (TIVA) in infusione continua con Propofol e Remifentanil. Ogni paziente è poi stata assegnata in modo casuale al modello PK/PD Schneider o Eleveld per il propofol, e sempre in modo casuale alcune sono state sottoposte al bolo di Aminofillina alla fine dell’infusione dell'anestetico. Sono state raccolte sia le variabili demografiche (età, peso, altezza, BMI e ASA status) che quelle intraoperatorie tra cui il CeP, la concentrazione al sito dell’effettore, il valore del BIS (Bispectral Index) e il tempo al REO (recupero dell’apertura degli occhi) e al RoR (recupero della responsività). Il test U di Mann-Whitney è stato usato per comparare le variabili continue tra i gruppi aminofillina e non aminofillina; i dati sono poi stati riportati come numero assoluto e come percentuale e comparati usando un Test esatto di Fisher, considerando come valore di significanza statistica p<0.05.Non sono state rilevate differenze statistiche significative tra i gruppi nella CePs e BIS alla perdita di responsività(LOR) e al mantenimento dell’anestesia (MA). Risultati Non sono state riscontrate differenze di tempistica dell’anestesia e sulla dose totale di Propofol somministrata tra i gruppi. I pazienti che hanno ricevuto il bolo di Aminofillina hanno dimostrato un ridotto tempo di REO (7 vs 11 min, p<0.01) e ROR ( 8 vs 11 min, p<0.01) e un inferiore BIS al REO (68 vs 75, p=0.01), inoltre questi pazienti hanno esibito una CeP REO ed al ROR significativamente più alti sia qualora fosse stato adottato il modello di Schnider TCI PK/PD (1.05 vs 0.62, p<0.005 e 0.85 vs 0.52, p<0.005 rispettivamente), che quello di Eleveld (1.99 vs 1.5, p<0.005 per REO e 1.65 vs 1.4, p<0.005 per ROR). Nella popolazione di pazienti che ha ricevuto il bolo di aminofillina il REO è avvenuto prima del ROR, mentre negli altri pazienti il REO era sovrapposto al ROR (70 secondi vs 10 secondi, p<0,005). Conclusione Lo studio conferma quindi che l’Aminofillina ha un’efficacia nella riduzione dei tempi per il ROR e che questo si verifica a valori di CeP più alti, sia secondo il modello PK/PD Schnider che Eleveld.
Effetti dell'aminofillina su concentrazioni di propofol e risveglio in anestesia generale endovenosa
BRIGATO PUGLIERIN, GERARDO ALBERTO
2023/2024
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction The effectiveness of Aminophylline in antagonizing the effects of anesthetics, in particular benzodiazepines, barbiturates and inhaled anesthetics, has already been demonstrated by several studies, improving the recovery time of patients and reducing the manifestation of side effects upon awakening. This property has been shown to be due to the antagonistic action of Aminophylline adenosine in brain receptors, increasing the excitability of neurons and predisposing recovery from the effects of anesthesia. Objective This thesis aims to compare the effects of a bolus of Aminophylline administered at the end of an operation on the patient's awakening and on other intraoperative parameters. Methods In this prospective, single-center, observational study, 48 patients were recruited, with 24 receiving the aminophylline bolus and 24 not; for each group, 12 used the Schnider PK/PD model and 12 Eleveld. All patients were recruited from the breast surgery unit and underwent TIVA in continuous infusion with Propofol and Remifentanil. Each patient was then randomly assigned to the Schneider or Eleveld pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model for propofol, and some were randomly subjected to the aminophylline bolus at the end of the anesthetic infusion. Demographic variables (age, weight, height, BMI, and ASA status) and intraoperative variables including CeP, effector site concentration, BIS value, and time to REO (eye opening recovery) and RoR (responsiveness recovery) were collected. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare continuous variables between the aminophylline and non-aminophylline groups; data were then reported as absolute numbers and percentages and compared using a Fisher exact test, with p<0.05 considered as the statistical significance value. No significant statistical differences were found between groups in CePs and BIS at loss of responsiveness (LOR) and maintenance of anesthesia (MA). Results No differences were found in the timing of anesthesia and total dose of Propofol administered between the groups. Patients who received the Aminophylline bolus demonstrated a reduced time to REO (7 vs 11 min, p<0.01) and ROR (8 vs 11 min, p<0.01) and a lower BIS to REO (68 vs 75, p=0.01), furthermore these patients exhibited a significantly higher CeP REO and ROR both when the Schnider TCI PK/PD model was adopted (1.05 vs 0.62, p<0.005 and 0.85 vs 0.52, p<0.005 respectively), and the Eleveld model (1.99 vs 1.5, p<0.005 for REO and 1.65 vs 1.4, p<0.005 for ROR). In the patient population who received the aminophylline bolus, REO occurred before ROR, while in the other patients, REO overlapped with ROR (70 seconds vs 10 seconds, p<0.005). Conclusions The study therefore confirms that Aminophylline is effective in reducing ROR times and that this occurs at higher CeP values, according to both the Schnider and Eleveld PK/PD models.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/72119