Introduction. The prenatal period is a critical time for fetal development. The intake of teratogenic substances at this stage of development can have considerable effects, affecting maternal and fetal health directly or indirectly. Substance abuse during pregnancy, such as cocaine, cannabis and alcohol, is a major national and global public health problem that raises the need for targeted and personalized interventions to promote the well-being of mother and child. Objective. The objective of this thesis was to investigate the effects of prenatal exposure to substances of abuse on neuropsychomotor development. Specifically, it aimed to understand how such exposure might impact both neonatal well-being and the child’s long-term development by analyzing various neurodevelopmental parameters. The research sought to identify any early signs of difficulty or delay within the analyzed sample, outlining the role of the Neuro and Psychomotor Therapist in this context. Methods. The methodology initially included a literature review on prenatal exposure to substance abuse, focusing on effects at birth, obstetric complications and later neurodevelopmental impact. Studies were analyzed that used the Griffiths Mental Development Scales (GMDS) to assess aspects of neuropsychomotor development. For the empirical part, a sample of 12 children was selected, monitored in the period between February 2023 and March 2024 with prenatal exposure to substances of abuse, followed at the specialist service of the University Hospital of Padova (Centre for Maltreated Child Diagnostics). At the time of selection, children were aged between 0 and 12 months. In the months following birth, 9 of the 12 children selected have completed the Griffiths Scale developmental survey. The data obtained were compared with the available literature. In two of these cases, neuropsychological observation was possible at the same time as the development scale administration. Discussion / Conclusions. The research results show that the data collected at birth and the perinatal conditions of the sample are in line with the evidence in the literature. The scores obtained by the Griffiths Mental Development Scales (GMDS) indicate the absence of marked delays in neuropsychomotor development, that is, scores below -2 standard deviations (SD). However, in several cases, specific difficulties were found in some development areas, with scores attested to be around -1 SD. This highlights the presence of some fragility which raises concerns about possible future implications. The literature supports the hypothesis that these difficulties may increase over time, making constant monitoring necessary. From the hypotheses formulated, it emerges that a figure like the TNPEE may play a crucial role in this context, through the implementation of specific follow-up programs. These programmes would aim not only to ensure monitoring, but also to provide the necessary support along the development path of these children.
Introduzione. Il periodo prenatale rappresenta un momento critico per lo sviluppo fetale. L’assunzione di sostanze teratogene in questa fase di sviluppo può avere esiti considerevoli, influenzando in maniera diretta o indiretta la salute materno-fetale. L’abuso di sostanze come cocaina, cannabis e alcol durante la gravidanza rappresenta un grosso problema di salute pubblica nazionale e mondiale che avanza la necessità di disporre di interventi mirati e personalizzati volti a favorire il benessere di madre e bambino. Obiettivo. L’obiettivo della tesi è stato quello di indagare gli effetti dell’esposizione prenatale a sostanze d’abuso sullo sviluppo neuropsicomotorio. In particolare, si è cercato di comprendere come questa esposizione possa influire sia sul benessere alla nascita sia sullo sviluppo a lungo termine del bambino, analizzando diversi parametri neuroevolutivi. La ricerca si è proposta di identificare eventuali segni precoci di difficoltà o ritardo nel campione analizzato, delineando il ruolo del Terapista della Neuro e Psicomotricità all’interno di questo contesto. Materiali e metodi. La metodologia ha incluso inizialmente una revisione della letteratura sul tema dell’esposizione prenatale a sostanze d’abuso, focalizzandosi sugli effetti alla nascita, sulle complicanze ostetriche e, successivamente, sull’impatto sul neurosviluppo. In particolare, sono stati analizzati studi che hanno utilizzato le Griffiths Mental Development Scales (GMDS) per valutare gli aspetti dello sviluppo neuropsicomotorio. Per la parte empirica, è stato selezionato un campione di 12 bambini, monitorati nel periodo tra Febbraio 2023- Marzo 2024 con esposizione prenatale a sostanze d’abuso, seguiti presso il servizio specialistico dell’Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Padova (Centro per la Diagnostica del Bambino Maltrattato). Al momento della selezione, i bambini avevano un’età compresa tra 0 e 12 mesi. Nei mesi successivi alla nascita, 9 dei 12 bambini selezionati hanno svolto l’indagine sullo sviluppo mediante le Scale Griffiths. I dati ottenuti sono stati confrontati con la letteratura disponibile. Per due di questi casi, è stato possibile condurre un’osservazione neuropsicomotoria in concomitanza alla somministrazione delle scale dello sviluppo. Discussione e conclusioni. I risultati della ricerca mostrano che i dati rilevati alla nascita e le condizioni perinatali del campione si allineano con le evidenze presenti in letteratura. I punteggi ottenuti tramite le Griffiths Mental Development Scales (GMDS) indicano l’assenza di ritardi marcati nello sviluppo neuropsicomotorio (punteggi inferiori a -2 deviazioni standard). Tuttavia, in diversi casi, sono state rilevate difficoltà specifiche in alcune aree di sviluppo (punteggi inferiori a 1 DS). Questo aspetto evidenzia la presenza di alcune fragilità che sollevano preoccupazioni sulle possibili implicazioni future. La letteratura, infatti, supporta l’ipotesi che tali difficoltà possano accentuarsi nel tempo, rendendo necessario un monitoraggio costante. Dalle ipotesi formulate emerge la possibilità che una figura come quella del Terapista della Neuro e Psicomotricità dell’Età Evolutiva (TNPEE) possa svolgere un ruolo cruciale in questo contesto, attraverso l’implementazione di programmi di follow-up specifici. Tali programmi sarebbero volti non solo a garantire un monitoraggio, ma anche a fornire il supporto necessario lungo il percorso evolutivo di questi bambini.
Esposizione Prenatale a Sostanze d'Abuso: L'impatto sullo Sviluppo Neuropsicomotorio e il Ruolo del TNPEE nel Percorso Riabilitativo.
TUNIZ, GAIA
2023/2024
Abstract
Introduction. The prenatal period is a critical time for fetal development. The intake of teratogenic substances at this stage of development can have considerable effects, affecting maternal and fetal health directly or indirectly. Substance abuse during pregnancy, such as cocaine, cannabis and alcohol, is a major national and global public health problem that raises the need for targeted and personalized interventions to promote the well-being of mother and child. Objective. The objective of this thesis was to investigate the effects of prenatal exposure to substances of abuse on neuropsychomotor development. Specifically, it aimed to understand how such exposure might impact both neonatal well-being and the child’s long-term development by analyzing various neurodevelopmental parameters. The research sought to identify any early signs of difficulty or delay within the analyzed sample, outlining the role of the Neuro and Psychomotor Therapist in this context. Methods. The methodology initially included a literature review on prenatal exposure to substance abuse, focusing on effects at birth, obstetric complications and later neurodevelopmental impact. Studies were analyzed that used the Griffiths Mental Development Scales (GMDS) to assess aspects of neuropsychomotor development. For the empirical part, a sample of 12 children was selected, monitored in the period between February 2023 and March 2024 with prenatal exposure to substances of abuse, followed at the specialist service of the University Hospital of Padova (Centre for Maltreated Child Diagnostics). At the time of selection, children were aged between 0 and 12 months. In the months following birth, 9 of the 12 children selected have completed the Griffiths Scale developmental survey. The data obtained were compared with the available literature. In two of these cases, neuropsychological observation was possible at the same time as the development scale administration. Discussion / Conclusions. The research results show that the data collected at birth and the perinatal conditions of the sample are in line with the evidence in the literature. The scores obtained by the Griffiths Mental Development Scales (GMDS) indicate the absence of marked delays in neuropsychomotor development, that is, scores below -2 standard deviations (SD). However, in several cases, specific difficulties were found in some development areas, with scores attested to be around -1 SD. This highlights the presence of some fragility which raises concerns about possible future implications. The literature supports the hypothesis that these difficulties may increase over time, making constant monitoring necessary. From the hypotheses formulated, it emerges that a figure like the TNPEE may play a crucial role in this context, through the implementation of specific follow-up programs. These programmes would aim not only to ensure monitoring, but also to provide the necessary support along the development path of these children.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/76323