The World Health Organization defines the term “drug dependence” as a “chronic and relapsing disease that compulsorily drives individuals to take substances in increasing or constant doses in order to have temporary subjective beneficial effects, the persistence of which is inextricably linked to the continued intake of the substance” (WHO, 1992). In the DSM-5-TR (first published in the USA in 2013, and subsequently in its revision in March 2022), the category “addiction and substance use-related disorders” is outlined, combining the phenomena of “abuse” and “substance dependence” into a single disorder, and basing the diagnosis on the presence of 11 symptoms or diagnostic criteria to a quantitatively increasing extent. This paper aims to investigate the health policy of harm reduction as a possible model of intervention in Substance Use Disorder outlined by the DSM-5, focusing particularly on the reality of supervised drug consumption rooms, or “Supervised Drug Consumption Sites”, currently present and active internationally, through an analysis of the literature available at present on the subject, the results obtained following their implementation in different contexts, and the critical issues encountered. Harm reduction constitutes a model of intervention that includes all health initiatives, programs and practices whose purpose is to minimize or reduce the negative physical, health, social and legal impacts associated with drug use, as well as policies and legislation related to such substance use (Harm Reduction International, 1990). The reality of “Supervised Drug Consumption Sites” is an intervention strategy that consists of a health care-type facility, supervised by professional figures, where individuals who take drugs can use such substances in more safe and hygienic conditions (Hedrich et al., 2010). Chapter 2 of this paper aims at providing a general overview of the different Supervised Drug Consumption Sites that currently exist in the international context, and specifically in Europe, Switzerland, the United States of America, Canada, Australia and Italy. Chapter 3 introduces “Insite,” the Supervised Drug Consumption Site located in Vancouver, Canada, run by the nonprofit organization PHS Community Services Society: active since 2003, it is the first sanctioned drug consumption room in North America. The same Chapter contains another key part of this research, the semi-structured interview administered to former Insite user and former substance addict Guy Felicella, Canadian, 55, now a successful harm reduction activist. Regarding the figure of the Professional Educator, the last paragraph of Chapter 1 focuses on the role of this professional figure in harm reduction interventions in Italy, while the last paragraph of Chapter 2 describes the only drug consumption room active in our country until 2021, where 4 Professional Educators, employed in the adjacent Drop In Service, also carried out supervision activities. The Professional Educator has indeed specific educational knowledge and skills that allow them to operate in a Supervised Drug Consumption Site.
L’Organizzazione Mondiale della Sanità definisce il termine “tossicodipendenza” come una “malattia ad andamento cronico e recidivante che spinge l’individuo, in maniera coatta, ad assumere sostanze a dosi crescenti o costanti per avere temporanei effetti benefici soggettivi, la cui persistenza è indissolubilmente legata alla continua assunzione della sostanza” (OMS, 1992). Nel DSM-5-TR (pubblicato per la prima volta negli USA nel 2013, e successivamente nella sua revisione nel marzo 2022) viene delineata la categoria “disturbi da dipendenza e correlati all’uso di sostanze”, che unisce i fenomeni di “abuso” e “dipendenza da sostanze” in un unico disturbo, e fondando la diagnosi sulla presenza di 11 sintomi o criteri diagnostici in misura quantitativamente crescente. Questo elaborato vuole indagare la politica sanitaria della riduzione del danno come possibile modello di intervento nel Disturbo da Uso di Sostanze delineato dal DSM-5, focalizzandosi in modo particolare sulla realtà delle stanze del consumo controllato di sostanze psicoattive, o “Supervised Drug Consumption Sites”, attualmente presenti e attive a livello internazionale, mediante un’analisi della letteratura esistente in merito, dei risultati ottenuti in seguito alla loro implementazione in diversi contesti e delle criticità riscontrate. La riduzione del danno, o “harm reduction”, costituisce un modello di intervento che include tutte le iniziative sanitarie, i programmi e le pratiche aventi la finalità di minimizzare o ridurre l’impatto negativo sul piano fisico, sanitario, sociale e legale associato all’uso di sostanze stupefacenti, nonché le politiche e la legislazione legate al suddetto uso di sostanze (Harm Reduction International, 1990). La realtà della “stanza del consumo” o “Supervised Drug Consumption Room” è una strategia di intervento che consiste in una struttura di tipo sanitario, supervisionata da figure professionali, dove le persone che assumono sostanze stupefacenti possono usare tali sostanze in condizioni maggiormente sicure ed igieniche (Hedrich et al., 2010). Attraverso il Capitolo 2 di questo elaborato si intende fornire una panoramica generale sulle diverse stanze del consumo attualmente esistenti nel contesto internazionale, e nello specifico in Europa, Svizzera, Stati Uniti d’America, Canada, Australia ed Italia. Il Capitolo 3 presenta “Insite”, il “Supervised Drug Consumption Site” situato a Vancouver in Canada, gestito dall’organizzazione no-profit PHS Community Services Society: attivo dal 2003, si tratta della prima stanza del consumo autorizzata del Nord America. Lo stesso capitolo contiene un’altra parte fondamentale di questa ricerca, l’intervista semi strutturata somministrata all’ex utente di “Insite” ed ex consumatore di sostanze Guy Felicella, canadese, 55 anni, oggi affermato attivista per la politica della riduzione del danno. In merito alla figura dell’Educatore Professionale, l’ultimo paragrafo del Capitolo 1 si focalizza sul ruolo di questa figura professionale negli interventi di riduzione del danno in Italia, mentre l’ultimo paragrafo del Capitolo 2 descrive l’unica stanza del consumo attiva nel nostro paese fino al 2021, dove svolgevano un’attività di supervisione anche 4 Educatori Professionali, impiegati nell’adiacente Servizio Drop In. L’Educatore Professionale, infatti, gode di specifiche conoscenze e competenze educative che gli permettono di operare in una realtà di stanza del consumo.
Riduzione del danno nel Disturbo da Uso di Sostanze e Supervised Drug Consumption Sites come possibile modello di intervento
GALLONI, CHIARA
2023/2024
Abstract
The World Health Organization defines the term “drug dependence” as a “chronic and relapsing disease that compulsorily drives individuals to take substances in increasing or constant doses in order to have temporary subjective beneficial effects, the persistence of which is inextricably linked to the continued intake of the substance” (WHO, 1992). In the DSM-5-TR (first published in the USA in 2013, and subsequently in its revision in March 2022), the category “addiction and substance use-related disorders” is outlined, combining the phenomena of “abuse” and “substance dependence” into a single disorder, and basing the diagnosis on the presence of 11 symptoms or diagnostic criteria to a quantitatively increasing extent. This paper aims to investigate the health policy of harm reduction as a possible model of intervention in Substance Use Disorder outlined by the DSM-5, focusing particularly on the reality of supervised drug consumption rooms, or “Supervised Drug Consumption Sites”, currently present and active internationally, through an analysis of the literature available at present on the subject, the results obtained following their implementation in different contexts, and the critical issues encountered. Harm reduction constitutes a model of intervention that includes all health initiatives, programs and practices whose purpose is to minimize or reduce the negative physical, health, social and legal impacts associated with drug use, as well as policies and legislation related to such substance use (Harm Reduction International, 1990). The reality of “Supervised Drug Consumption Sites” is an intervention strategy that consists of a health care-type facility, supervised by professional figures, where individuals who take drugs can use such substances in more safe and hygienic conditions (Hedrich et al., 2010). Chapter 2 of this paper aims at providing a general overview of the different Supervised Drug Consumption Sites that currently exist in the international context, and specifically in Europe, Switzerland, the United States of America, Canada, Australia and Italy. Chapter 3 introduces “Insite,” the Supervised Drug Consumption Site located in Vancouver, Canada, run by the nonprofit organization PHS Community Services Society: active since 2003, it is the first sanctioned drug consumption room in North America. The same Chapter contains another key part of this research, the semi-structured interview administered to former Insite user and former substance addict Guy Felicella, Canadian, 55, now a successful harm reduction activist. Regarding the figure of the Professional Educator, the last paragraph of Chapter 1 focuses on the role of this professional figure in harm reduction interventions in Italy, while the last paragraph of Chapter 2 describes the only drug consumption room active in our country until 2021, where 4 Professional Educators, employed in the adjacent Drop In Service, also carried out supervision activities. The Professional Educator has indeed specific educational knowledge and skills that allow them to operate in a Supervised Drug Consumption Site.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/77026