Objective: the aim of this narrative literature review is to investigate the available scientific evidence regarding the use of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) in the treatment of arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI) following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, in order to assess its effectiveness and clinical applicability. Rehabilitation issue: following ACL reconstruction surgery, many patients experience a post-operative complication known as AMI. AMI is a neuromuscular disturbance characterized by a reduction in the strength and voluntary activation capacity of the quadriceps muscle. These deficits can persist, if not properly treated, in the operated limb for up to two years after the injury, slowing down and complicating the rehabilitation process while increasing the risk of re-injury. Materials and Methods: the research was conducted by using various search strings across scientific databases: PubMed, COCHRANE Library, and PEDro; during the period between May and September 2024. The research included studies published from 2014 (inclusive) onwards, conducted on humans, and containing relevant keywords related to the topic. Studies that involved the treatment of other knee injuries or did not propose NMES as a treatment strategy for AMI were excluded. Results: the research methodology described above led to the extraction of 8 randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The analysis of these studies showed that NMES is a rehabilitation technique that directly recruits inhibited motoneurons, counteracting the effects of AMI and improving the neuromuscular function of the quadriceps. However, not all studies provided the same scientific evidence; studies by Lepley et al. showed that patients treated with eccentric exercise protocols regained quadriceps strength and endurance much more effectively than those treated with NMES. Discussion: the comparative analysis of the 8 RCTs extracted from the research revealed the absence of a standardized protocol for administering NMES. All studies used different devices, modalities, frequencies, and treatment durations, resulting in sometimes significantly varying outcomes. What stands out is the need for in-depth studies to investigate the neurophysiological effects of NMES on the pathogenic mechanisms of AMI, as well as the necessity for a uniform and precise quantification of AMI. Conclusions: this thesis highlights that NMES is a valid tool for treating AMI, as it improves quadriceps strength and endurance, increases muscle fiber size, enhances voluntary activation capacity and positively affects certain functional performances. Some scientific studies emphasize that NMES is more effective when administered early, at high intensities, with high frequencies, and in combination with active functional exercises. Key words: anterior crucial ligament, anterior crucial ligament’s rehabilitation, anterior crucial ligament’s surgery, arthrogenic muscle inihibition, arthrogenic muscle, quadriceps arthrogenic muscle, arthrogenic inhibition, neuromuscular electrical stimulation, neuromuscular electrical, electrical stimulation.
Obiettivo: l’obiettivo di questa revisione narrativa della letteratura è quello di indagare le evidenze scientifiche disponibili riguardo l’utilizzo dell’elettrostimolazione neuromuscolare (neuromuscular electrical stimulation, NMES) nel trattamento dell’inibizione muscolare artrogenica (arthrogenic muscle inhibition, AMI) conseguente a un intervento di ricostruzione del legamento crociato anteriore (anterior crucial ligament, ACL); in modo da valutare la sua efficacia e il suo utilizzo all’interno della pratica clinica. Problema riabilitativo: in seguito all’intervento chirurgico di ricostruzione dell’ACL, molti pazienti presentano una complicanza post-operatoria conosciuta come AMI. L’AMI è un fenomeno di alterazione neuromuscolare che si caratterizza per una riduzione della forza e della capacità di attivazione volontaria del muscolo quadricipite femorale. Tali deficit possono persistere, se non adeguatamente trattati, nell’arto operato fino a due anni dalla lesione complicando il percorso riabilitativo e aumentando il rischio di re-infortunio. Materiali e Metodi: la ricerca è stata condotta inserendo diverse stringhe di ricerca sulle banche dati scientifiche: PubMed, COCHRANE Library e PEDro; nel periodo compreso tra maggio e settembre 2024. La ricerca ha incluso gli studi pubblicati dal 2014 (compreso) in poi, eseguiti su esseri umani e che contenevano le parole chiave relative all’argomento, Sono stati esclusi gli studi che associavano il trattamento di altre lesioni del ginocchio e che non proponevano la NMES come strategia di trattamento dell’AMI. Risultati: la metodologia di ricerca precedentemente descritta ha portato all’estrazione di 8 randomized controlled trial (RCT). L’analisi di questi articoli ha mostrato come la NMES sia una tecnica riabilitativa che permette di reclutare direttamente i motoneuroni inibiti contrastando gli effetti dell’AMI e migliorando la funzione neuromuscolare del quadricipite. Tuttavia, non tutti gli studi hanno mostrato le stesse evidenze scientifiche; gli studi di Lepley et al. hanno mostrato che i pazienti trattati con protocolli di esercizio eccentrico recuperavano la forza e la resistenza del quadricipite femorale molto meglio rispetto a quelli trattati con NMES. Discussione: l’analisi comparata degli 8 RCT estratti dalla ricerca ha dimostrato l’assenza di un protocollo comune di somministrazione della NMES. Tutti gli studi proponevano l’utilizzo di dispositivi, modalità, frequenze e tempistiche di somministrazione differenti, producendo a sua volta risultati anche molto differenti tra loro. Ciò che emerge è la necessità di studi approfonditi che vadano ad indagare gli effetti neurofisiologici della NMES sui meccanismi patogenetici dell’AMI e la necessità di una quantificazione uniforme e precisa dell’AMI. Conclusioni: questa tesi evidenzia come la NMES sia uno strumento valido per il trattamento dell’AMI poiché aumenta la forza e la resistenza del quadricipite femorale, aumenta la dimensione delle sue fibre muscolari, migliora la sua capacità di attivazione volontaria e alcune performance funzionali. Alcuni studi scientifici sottolineano come la NMES sia più efficace quando viene erogata precocemente, con alte intensità, con alte frequenze e sovrapposta ad esercizi attivi funzionali. Parole chiave: anterior crucial ligament, anterior crucial ligament’s rehabilitation, anterior crucial ligament’s surgery, arthrogenic muscle inihibition, arthrogenic muscle, quadriceps arthrogenic muscle, arthrogenic inhibition, neuromuscular electrical stimulation, neuromuscular electrical, electrical stimulation.
Effetti dell’elettrostimolazione neuromuscolare nel trattamento dell’inibizione muscolare artrogenica nei pazienti operati di ricostruzione chirurgica del legamento crociato anteriore: una revisione narrativa della letteratura.
TRIBOLI, MATTEO
2023/2024
Abstract
Objective: the aim of this narrative literature review is to investigate the available scientific evidence regarding the use of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) in the treatment of arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI) following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, in order to assess its effectiveness and clinical applicability. Rehabilitation issue: following ACL reconstruction surgery, many patients experience a post-operative complication known as AMI. AMI is a neuromuscular disturbance characterized by a reduction in the strength and voluntary activation capacity of the quadriceps muscle. These deficits can persist, if not properly treated, in the operated limb for up to two years after the injury, slowing down and complicating the rehabilitation process while increasing the risk of re-injury. Materials and Methods: the research was conducted by using various search strings across scientific databases: PubMed, COCHRANE Library, and PEDro; during the period between May and September 2024. The research included studies published from 2014 (inclusive) onwards, conducted on humans, and containing relevant keywords related to the topic. Studies that involved the treatment of other knee injuries or did not propose NMES as a treatment strategy for AMI were excluded. Results: the research methodology described above led to the extraction of 8 randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The analysis of these studies showed that NMES is a rehabilitation technique that directly recruits inhibited motoneurons, counteracting the effects of AMI and improving the neuromuscular function of the quadriceps. However, not all studies provided the same scientific evidence; studies by Lepley et al. showed that patients treated with eccentric exercise protocols regained quadriceps strength and endurance much more effectively than those treated with NMES. Discussion: the comparative analysis of the 8 RCTs extracted from the research revealed the absence of a standardized protocol for administering NMES. All studies used different devices, modalities, frequencies, and treatment durations, resulting in sometimes significantly varying outcomes. What stands out is the need for in-depth studies to investigate the neurophysiological effects of NMES on the pathogenic mechanisms of AMI, as well as the necessity for a uniform and precise quantification of AMI. Conclusions: this thesis highlights that NMES is a valid tool for treating AMI, as it improves quadriceps strength and endurance, increases muscle fiber size, enhances voluntary activation capacity and positively affects certain functional performances. Some scientific studies emphasize that NMES is more effective when administered early, at high intensities, with high frequencies, and in combination with active functional exercises. Key words: anterior crucial ligament, anterior crucial ligament’s rehabilitation, anterior crucial ligament’s surgery, arthrogenic muscle inihibition, arthrogenic muscle, quadriceps arthrogenic muscle, arthrogenic inhibition, neuromuscular electrical stimulation, neuromuscular electrical, electrical stimulation.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/77300